1900s-1920s

Image:

1. standard uniform was implemented creating a new and more respectable image

2.  Cap/hat that was unique to the hospital they trained at

 3. Christian characteristic - elements of the Victorian era stuck around up to 1910 

4. Impoverished communities allowed nurses to expand their services

 5. Expanded services called for more identifiable uniforms. Ex. Blue became  the symbol for a public health nurse 

Reputation improved,  more professional image of nursing In 1916, the American Nurse Association (ANA) members proposed a standard uniform Nurses wore formal dresses paired with traditional aprons Nurses were required to wear caps or hats that were distinctive to the hospital where they trained Profession was mainly white women, with only four male nursing schools at the time

Education

American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses worked to prepare nurses for leadership​

• The focus of education changed:​

• Theory classes​

• Scientific knowledge​

• College or university affiliation​

• Addition of specific skills​

• Better educational standards and practice regulations​

• 1910: 100 hospital school provided preparatory classes, practical training, and scientific foundation for basic care​

• 1905: State nursing organizations were formed ​

​Changed as a result from many recommendations from the American Society of Superintendents of Training schools for nurses worked hard to prepare nurses for leadership positions Teachers college and columbia university were the model schools for nursing education Teachers were from hospital/medical organizations and taught from their own personal experiences nurses were to aid the doctor Nurses were taught “foolish knowledge,” and learned too much theory; doctors believed it would lead to not enough care to patients Mary Adelaide Nutting became the first nursing professor and first nursing chairperson

Advances in practice 

Lillian Wald's Contributions ➢ With help from Mary Brewster and peers a collaborative relationship with Insurance companies, for visiting nurse services in Manhattan ➢ United States Children's Bureau 1912; Programs included Chil labor laws, juvenile courts, adoption regulation, and child abuse. ▪ Held clinics for care and screenings ❖ New Army Corps ➢ Mary Adelaide Nutting petitioned for a new corps, it was adopted in 1901 and later led to the addition of the Navy Nurse Corps in 1907 ❖ School Nursing ➢ Helped keep students in school, nurses within schools cared for disease and infection such as scabies, ringworm, and lice ➢ Advocates for children and mothers ❖ Margaret Sanger – Women's Health ➢ Educated women on pregnancy, abortion, birth control, and safe sex; helped to mitigate mortality rates of mothers and children

Source of the Yellow Fever was Discovered ➢ Clara Maass volunteered to be bitten by a mosquito for research ❖ Breakout of bubonic plague ➢ New knowledge of vectors; rats and fleas ❖ Spanish Flu Epidemic ➢ 30% of the world's population affected ❖ Flu Vaccine ➢ Led to the development of other immunizations ❖ Others: ➢ Administering of anesthesia ➢ Thermometer ➢ X-Ray

Workforce issues 

Women enter the workforce in greater numbers. • Nursing was not inclusive to all women or other groups including men and Black women • National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses (NACGN) 1908– Martha Franklin formed it– Affiliated with the National League for Nurses– Joined with the ANA to support integration and racial collaboration • Concerns of work hours as most worked 40 hr weeks and 10-12 hr shifts • Due to the war and the flu epidemic there was a major shortage of nurses Due to war, influx of nurses • Black women began to enter the work force and become recognized • Poor wages + Poor hours • Mary Mahoney, first black woman with a professional nursing degree (1879) • 1905 the legality of practice was determined by State Nursing Boards • 1916 Nurses began to wear caps or hats depending on their work area. Nurses began to be more employed at war creating the Army Nurse Corps (1901) and Navy Nurse Corps (1907) • Private duty vs hospital nursing

Licensure and regulation 

American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses of the United States and Canada sets standards 2. North Carolina created a legislation in 1903 that made it mandatory to have educational requirements and regulation but then the bill was changed that only a certification by exam was needed. 3. A second organization the nurses associated alumnae of the United States and Canada was created to address legal concerns and regulations of nurses 4. The nurses associated alumnae was renamed ANA and this established scope of practice guidelines, licensure, legislation, and a board of examiners

War and its effect 

WW1 (1914-1918) • Around 23000 nurses served during World war 1 in the Army and navy Nurse corps. • Nurses need to care for soldiers • Committee on Nursing Addressed the need for nurses to care for soldiers - Included requirements for applicants, personal qualifications, and educational recommendations • 1917-1918: recruitment of Nurses for the war. • Army school of Nursing developed Established in 1918 to help gather nurses to care for injured soldiers; alternative to nurse aids