Reviewer

Introduction to Zoology:

What is Zoology?

  • Zoology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of animals and animal kingdom. It is also known as animal biology.

Aristotle

  • The Father of Zoology.

  • He was conferred with this title for his exceptional work in this field, systematic organization, and grouping.

Charles Darwin

  • English naturalist whose scientific theory of evolution by natural selection became the foundation of modern evolutionary studies.

  • Natural selection is Darwin’s most famous theory.

Darwin’s five theories:

  • Evolution

  • Common descent

  • Species multiply

  • Gradualism

  • Natural Selection

Branches of Zoology:

  • Zoography, it is also known as descriptive zoology.

  • Comparative Zoology

  • Soil Zoology

  • Mammalogy

  • Comparative Anatomy

  • Herpetology

  • Animal Physiology

  • Entomology

  • Behavioral Ecology

  • Ornithology

Characteristics of living things:

  • It responds to the environment.

  • It grows and develops.

  • It produces offspring.

  • It maintains homeostasis.

  • It has complex chemistry.

  • It consists of cells.

The Cell:

  • In 1665, Robert Hooke was the first to observe cork cells and their characteristic hexagonal shape, using the first optical microscope, which was invented by him at that time.

  • Anton Van Leeuwenhoek first discovered free-living algae Spirogyra cells in water in the pond in 1674 with the improved microscope.

  • Cell theory is a scientific theory first formulated in the mid-nineteenth century.

  • Scientists once thought that life spontaneously arose from nonliving things. Thanks to experimentation and the invention of the microscope, it is now known that life comes from preexisting life and that cells come from preexisting cells.

    1. The cell is the basic unit of life.

    1. All living organisms are composed of cells.

    2. New cells are created from pre-existing cells.

What is cell?

  • Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things. The human body is composed of trillions of cells.

Two types of cell:

  • Prokaryote - organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles.

  • Eukaryote - organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Animal cell:

  • 10 - 30 micrometers in length

  • typically round or irregular in shape

    • Cilia

    • Vacuoles

    • Cell membrane

    • Centrioles

    • Lysosome

Plant Cell:

  • 10 - 100 micrometers in length

  • typically rectangular or cubic in shape

    • Vacuole

    • Lysosome

    • Cell wall

    • Cell membrane

    • Chloroplasts

    • Plasmodesmata

  • Nucleus - serves both as the repository of genetic information and as the cell’s control center.

  • Mitochondria - membrane-bound cell organelles that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions.

  • Endoplasmic Reticulum - A large dynamic structure that serves many roles in the cell including calcium storage, protein synthesis and lipid metabolism.

  • Golgi Apparatus - organelle that helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell.

  • Lysosomes - membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of enzymes capable of breaking down all types of biological polymers-protein, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.

  • Ribosomes - an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell.

  • Cell membrane - separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment.

  • Cytoskeleton - it is a complex dynamic network of interlinking protein filaments present in the cytoplasm of all cell.

  • Cytoplasm - refers to the cell content bounded by a cell membrane.