POL 106- ISU Exam 3

  • which amendments make up the Civil War Amendments

    • 13th, 14th, and 15th

  • which amendment is referred to as the FDR Amendment

    • 22nd

  • which amendment was the first to have a deadline

    • 20th

  • Dred Scott v. Sandford

    • African Americans, whether free or enslaved, could not be considered citizens and had no right to sue in federal court

    • 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments

  • Pollock v. Farmers’ Loan & Trust Co.

    • federal income tax unconstitutional

    • 16th amendment

  • Plessy v. Ferguson

    • "separate but equal" doctrine allowed racial segregation

    • 14th amendment

  • Griswold v. Connecticut

    • development of privacy rights, particularly in matters of family and reproductive decisions

    • 14th Amendment's due process clause

  • Brown v. Board of Education

    • declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional

    • 14th Amendment equal protection clause

  • Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections

    • struck down the use of poll taxes in state elections

    • 24th amendment

  • Oregon v. Mitchell

    • 18-year-olds could vote in federal elections but allowed states to set their voting age for state elections

    • 26th amendment

  • Amendment 13

    • abolition of slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States

    • The only exception is for people who have been convicted of a crime, allowing for forced labor as part of a punishment

    • Congress can enforce

  • Amendment 14

    • grant citizenship and provide equal protection under the law to all persons

  • Citizenship Clause

    • grants citizenship to anyone born or naturalized in the U.S., including former slaves

  • Equal Protection Clause

    • mandates that everyone must be treated equally under the law, prohibiting discrimination by state governments

  • Privileges and Immunities Clause

    • ensures that no state can deny any person life, liberty, or property without due process of law, which means fair legal procedures

  • the three major categories of rights protected under the due process clause

    • Procedural (government follows fair procedures before depriving a person of life, liberty, or property)

    • Substantive (protects certain fundamental rights from government interference, even if fair procedures are followed)

    • Equal Protection (individuals are treated equally under the law and prevents discrimination by the government)

  • the two enforcement issues under Section Five and what the current answers are to these issues

    • What laws can Congress pass to enforce the 14th Amendment?

    • How much power does Congress have compared to state power?

    • in various cases Congress has the authority to enact laws to protect rights, but states' rights are still important

  • Amendment 15

    • voting rights cannot be denied based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude

  • “One vote, one person” doctrine

    • a principle that ensures each individual's vote has equal weight in elections

  • what voting restrictions the Supreme Court would find constitutional

    • generally finds voting restrictions constitutional if they are justified by legitimate state interests (such as preventing fraud or ensuring fair elections) and do not excessively burden or discriminate against certain groups of people

  • Voting Rights Act of 1965

    • aimed at eliminating racial discrimination in voting and ensuring that all U.S. citizens, particularly African Americans, could exercise their right to vote without facing obstacles like literacy tests, poll taxes, and other discriminatory practices

  • Amendment 16

    • Grant Congress the power to levy and collect income taxes without apportioning them among the states or basing them on the population

    • Congress can enforce

    • increased government revenue, economic flexibility, growth of the welfare state, shift in tax policy

  • main source of revenue and what system we use today

    • progressive income tax system

    • income taxes

  • Amendment 17

    • allow for the direct election of U.S. Senators by the people, rather than having them chosen by state legislatures

  • Process before the 17th Amendment

    • state legislative selection, independence from voter influence, vacancies

  • Amendment 18

    • prohibit the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages

  • what the 18th amendment started the rise of

    • several social and criminal phenomena, widespread illegal activity, and public disobedience

  • Amendment 19

    • grant women the right to vote

  • what states first tried to implement the right protected under the 19th amendment

    • Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Idaho, Washington, Oregon

  • what state was the deciding vote of ratification for the 19th Amendment was

    • Tennessee

  • Amendment 20

    • shorten the time between the presidential election and the inauguration

  • When is the start date for new terms for President and Vice President

    • Jan 20

  • How often is Congress constitutionally required to meet

    • at least once a year

  • lame duck

    • an elected official who is in office but is no longer able to influence decisions or is about to leave office because they have lost an election or are serving out the remainder of their term after choosing not to seek re-election

  • Amendment 21

    • repeal the 18th Amendment, effectively ending Prohibition and allowing the legal manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages once again

    • proposed by Congress, state ratification, final state (Utah)

  • Amendment 22

    • limit the number of terms a person can serve as President of the United States

  • how long a president can serve for

    • 2 terms (4 years each, a total of 8 years)

  • which president set the two-term standard

    • Franklin D. Roosevelt

  • Amendment 23

    • give residents of Washington, D.C. the right to vote in presidential elections

  • Amendment 24

    • prohibit the use of poll taxes in federal elections

    • associated with the 15th Amendment because both amendments are aimed at removing barriers to voting and protecting voting rights for marginalized groups

  • what is a poll tax

    • a fee that individuals were required to pay to vote in elections

  • Amendment 25

    • presidential succession process and establish procedures for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President and dealing with presidential incapacity

  • which president was never elected to the position of President or Vice President

    • Ford

  • first three in the line of succession

    • VP, Speaker of the House, then President pro tempore of the Senate

  • Amendment 26

    • lower the voting age in the United States from 21 to 18

    • conflict: the argument that if 18-year-olds were old enough to be drafted for military service during the Vietnam War, they should also be allowed to vote

  • Amendment 27

    • prevent Congress from giving itself immediate pay raises

    • original proposal by Madison, re-discovery, state ratifications, final ratification

  • Who wrote the 27th Amendment

    • James Madison

  • TED

    • The Empowerment Dynamic; Challenger, Coach, Creator; our goal in life is to be in TED

  • You can’t be a hero and____

    • victim

  • Rule #1

    • It’s NOT SUPPOSED TO BE EASY

  • Fixed Mindset

    • abilities are fixed, avoid challenges because you might fail

  • Growth Mindset

    • You can get better at anything if you put in the work, actively seek out challenges

  • WIN

    • What’s Important Now; staying focused on the right priorities

  • _____over intensity

    • "consistency" or "quality"

  • Amor Fati

    • "love of fate”; encourages individuals to not only accept challenges, setbacks, or suffering but to actively love and welcome them as opportunities for learning, improvement, and self-mastery