Anatomy of the Skeleton

Cranial Bones

  • Frontal (1): Includes glabella.
  • Parietal (2)
  • Occipital (1): Features include foramen magnum, occipital condyles.
  • Temporal (2): Composed of squamous, tympanic, and petrous regions.
    • Key structures: zygomatic process, zygomatic arch, external acoustic meatus, styloid process, mastoid process, foramen lacerum, mandibular fossa.
  • Sphenoid (1): Notable for sella turcica, hypophyseal fossa, greater and lesser wings, optic foramen/canal, foramen ovale, pterygoid process, superior/inferior orbital fissures.
  • Ethmoid (1): Contains cribriform plate with foramina, crista galli, perpendicular plate.
  • Wormian/Sutural Bones

Facial Bones

  • Mandible (1): Features include body, ramus, coronoid process, mandibular symphysis, foramina, mental foramen, condylar process.
  • Maxilla (2)
  • Zygomatic (2)
  • Nasal (2)
  • Lacrimal (2)
  • Palatine (2): Includes horizontal and vertical plates.
  • Vomer (1)
  • Inferior nasal conchae (2)

Additional Structures

  • Sutures involving parietal bones and orbits (7 bones/orbit).
  • Nasal septum, zygomatic arch, hard palate.
  • Bones with paranasal sinuses.
  • Hyoid (1): Not part of skull; does not articulate with others.

Vertebrae and Bony Thorax

  • Vertebrae: Different types have specific features.
    • Cervical (7): Includes atlas and axis.
    • Thoracic (12): Key features include fovea dentis.
    • Lumbar (5)
    • Sacrum (5 fused): Median sacral crest, foramina, canal.
    • Coccyx (3-5 fused)
  • Key features: body (centrum), spinous process, canal, foramen, transverse processes, articulating processes, facets, foramina.

Bony Thorax

  • Sternum: Manubrium, body, xiphoid process.
  • Ribs (12 pairs): True (1-7), false (8-12), floating (11,12).

Joints of the Appendicular Skeleton

Upper Appendage

  • Acromioclavicular Joint: Clavicle and scapula.
  • Glenohumeral Joint: Shoulder, fully moveable.
  • Elbow: Synovial/hinge, flexion/extension.
  • Proximal radioulnar: Synovial/pivot.
  • Intercarpal: Synovial/plane.
  • Interphalangeal: Synovial/hinge.

Lower Appendage

  • Sacroiliac Joint: Auricular surface of ileum and sacrum.
  • Pubic Symphysis: Cartilaginous, slight movement.
  • Coxal Joint: Hip, synovial/ball-and-socket.
  • Tibiofemoral Joint: Knee, synovial/hinge.
  • Femoropatellar Joint: Synovial/plane.
  • Superior tibiofibular Joint: Synovial/plane.
  • Ankle Joint: Synovial/hinge.
  • Intertarsal Joint: Synovial/plane.
  • Interphalangeal (toe): Synovial/hinge.

Note: A fully moveable joint is termed diarthrotic.