AP WORLD HISTORY-




New powers  : 

  • Abbasid caliphate declined due to economic collapse

  • This led to new powers , The Seljuks (Turks) and Delhi Sultanate

  • In Delhi, the sultan and caliphs ruled with Political AND Religious authority 

  • Hindus and Muslims in India fought a lot, lead to some combined beliefs but they have always been beefing

  • Islam spread India through Military Conquest, and Sufism. 

  • Even though islam entered India forcefully, they later took a peaceful approach. 

  • Majority of islamic coverts were voluntarily and they believed converting to islam would improve their Caste, (Caste System) 

  • They were WRONG, However a movement called the Bhakti Movement, Believed in Mystical divinity, did not believe in castes, and allowed people to live without those standards. 

  • Sufism and Bhakti both believed in no castes and mystical divinity

  • Sufism- spread islam

  • Bhaktism- spread hinduism 

  • Buddhism was founded in India, but due to corrupt  monasteries and monks, many indians stopped believing in buddhism, buddhism spread to east asia instead. 



China 

  • Han and song dynasty believed in Confucianism, the belief that women should obey their husbands also known as filial piety. 

  • An exam to work in the bureaucracy, known as the Civil Service Exam, to see how much they knew about Confucianism to join the Bureaucracy. 

  • Advancements like Gunpowder and Champa rice, increased agricultural growth and benefited the economy through trade

  • Neo-confucianism combined buddhism and confucio=sm and later spread to korea and japan

  • Later the Mongols took over. 


The Americas - 

The colombian exchange

  • Trade between the New and Old world (americas) and (Afro-eurasia) 

  • The Americans received horses cattle, and disease so they basically got wiped out 

  • Afro-eurasia got potato corn maize etc

  • To fill in labor gaps they traded weaponry with African leaders in exchange for slaves. 


The Mayans - Lived in what is now known as MEXICO

It was in City- state format

They built housing with stones and clay

Groups declined as the climate became drier. 

Common people had to pay taxes and required citizens for military since they did not have a standing Army. 

Standing army- An army ready to fight for invasion, stronger army= stronger country= higher ego. 

 Chichen Itza- Big monument 



Aztecs- Capital- Tenochtitlan

Aztecs built pyramids in the americas 

Chinampas- floating gardens to reduce space for agriculture

Was a theocracy- rule by religious leaders, the Great Speaker


Africa

Mansa musa- richest guy in history, leader of the mali empire. 

Helped spread Islam in Africa, some countries in Africa rejected islam and even built tunnels to escape islamic rule. 

Swahili and east coast traded gold and salt through indian ocean trade

Haitian slave revolt - first successful slave revolt

Islam in these african countries - ghana, mali, zimbabwe, ethiopia





Zanj- a type of slave in africa on sugar plantations

Zanj rebellion- Zanj slaves revolted against the Abbasids for over a decade, threatening Baghdad, (Abbasids won) 

Africa combined religions with their own traditions and music, what is this called?   SYNCRETISM


Griots- storytellers and wisdom people who were admired for preserving culture. Also provided women with a sense of empowerment in a patriarchal society



Europe 

Feudalism: a hierarchy and ruling based on land and service. Kings, Lords, Knights, Nobles, Serfs. 

  • Wealth measured in land not money

  • Manorial system- serfs lived on a manor which they couldnt leave without permission from their lord, they ahd no idea of events outside the manor. 

At the end of the middle ages agriculture became even more efficient, The Three Field System was used, one field for food, one for legumes like beans and peas to fertilize the soil by adding nitrogen

And one not used. 

  • Monarchs got more power by getting rid of Lords and having ppl and military work for the king instead. 

  • Bureaucracy- hierarchy w strict rules and no elections 

  • Magna Carta -a foundational 1215 document that first established that the King of England was subject to the law, not above it.

  • ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH DOMINATED

  • PRIMOGENITURE- oldest son inherits all land. 

Marco polo visited Kublai khans court and took interest in asia. 

Women have always been confined to domestic gender roles 


3 Main trade routes 


Trans-saharan

Indian Ocean

Silk road



Protestant reformation- Martin luther in the roman empire stated that several church practices violated the bible, the people were eager to get away from the pope so they sided w luther and the roman catholic church split 


Calvinism 

Puritans

Anglicasim 

OTTOMAN EMPIRE

Mughal, akbar their leader tolerated diff religions and sikhism was created, zamindars collected taxes

Cold war 

World war 1 and 2

M.A.I.N