Lab Practical 1

The sclera is the tough white outer part that protects the eye and helps to keep its shape.

The cornea is the clear front part that focuses light entering the eye.

The optic nerve sends visual messages from the eye to the brain.

The anterior chamber is the space in the front of the eye filled with fluid to keep it healthy.

The posterior chamber is the space behind the iris that holds fluid to nourish the eye.

The vitreous humor is the gel inside the eye that helps it hold its shape.

The lens is the part that focuses light onto the back of the eye.

The ciliary body is the muscles that change the shape of the lens to help you focus.

The suspensory ligaments is the fibers that hold the lens in place and help it change shape.

The iris is the colored part that controls how much light gets into the shape.

The pupil is the black center of the iris that lets light into the eye.

The retina is the light sensitive layer at the back of the eye that sends images to the brain.

The choroid layer is the layer under the retina that feeds it with blood and absorb extra light.

The conjunctiva is the thin layer that covers the eye and keeps it moist.

The aqueous humor is the fluid that fills the front of the eye and keeps it healthy.

The optic disk is the spot where the optic nerve connects to the eye, creating the blind spot.

Lens accommodation for near objects is that the suspensory ligaments loosens and ciliary muscles contracts which cause lens to increase curvature.

Pupillary reflex for near objects is that the circular muscles contracts and the radial muscles relaxes which cause pupils to constrict.

Lens accommodation for far objects is that the suspensory ligaments tightens and ciliary muscles relaxes which cause lens to decrease curvature or flatten.

Pupillary reflex for far objects is that the circular muscles contracts and the radial muscles relaxes which cause pupils to dilate.

Cataracts:

Impact: Cataracts affect the lens of the eye, lens become cloudy or opaque.

Cause: Commonly caused by aging, but also influenced by diabetes, UV exposure, genetics, and other factors.

Symptoms: Include blurry vision, difficulty seeing at night, sensitivity to light, and color changes.

Treatment: The main treatment is surgery, where the cloudy lens is removed and replaced with a clear intraocular lens.

Glaucoma:

Part of the Eye Affected: The optic nerve is damaged, often due to increased intraocular pressure.

Causes: The most common cause is impaired drainage of the eye’s aqueous humor, leading to elevated IOP. It can also be related to other factors like genetics, trauma, or medications.

Symptoms: Glaucoma often starts with no symptoms (in open-angle glaucoma), leading to gradual loss of peripheral vision. In angle-closure glaucoma, symptoms are sudden and severe (pain, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision).

Treatment: Includes medications (eye drops or oral drugs), laser treatments, and surgery .

Detached retina:

Part of the Eye Affected: The retina, specifically when it separates from the underlying supportive tissue.

Causes: Retinal tears or holes, trauma, severe nearsightedness, diabetic retinopathy, and previous eye surgeries.

Symptoms: Floaters, flashes of light, curtain or shadow effects, sudden vision loss, and blurry or distorted vision.

Treatment: Iaser surgery, cryotherapy, pneumatic retinopexy, scleral buckling, or vitrectomy.

Macular Degeneration:

Part of the Eye Affected: the macula, responsible for sharp central vision.

Causes: Gradual breakdown of macular cells and buildup of drusen

Symptoms: Slow, progressive central vision loss, blurry or distorted vision, difficulty seeing details.

Treatment: Dry AMD: No cure, but AREDS supplements, dietary changes, and quitting smoking can help slow progression. Wet AMD: Anti-VEGF injections, photodynamic therapy, and laser therapy