9th Grade Immune System

Blood helps protect the body against invaders (viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites).

\ ANTIGENS, PATHOGENS, AND ANTIBODIES

  • Antigens are chemical markers recognized by the immune system as a foreign invader (triggers a response from immune system).
  • Pathogen are the infectious agent such as a bacteria or virus. 
  • Antibodies are proteins produced in response to a specific antigen.

 

WHITE BLOOD CELLS

  • There are two types of white blood cells: phagocytes and lymphocytes.
  • Phagocytes engulf and destroy invaders.
  • Lymphocytes, (T cells and B cells) produce antibodies.

\ VACCINATIONS

  • Vaccines use weakened or dead pathogens to stimulate the immune system, which causes the body to produce specific antibodies for the pathogen. This builds up memory.
  • If the pathogen enters your body again, your body will already have the antibody for it. 

\ IMMUNITY

  • Active immunity is when your body makes antibodies (ex: getting sick, vaccines).
  • Passive immunity is receiving antibodies from an outside source (ex: breastfeeding).  \n

  AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE is when the immune system attacks parts of the body that are not harmful.

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BLOOD TYPING

  • TYPE A has antigen A and antibody B. 
  • TYPE B has antigen B and antibody A.
  • TYPE AB is the UNIVERSAL ACCEPTOR, has antigens A and B, have no antibodies. 
  • TYPE O is the UNIVERSAL DONORS has NO antigens, have both A and B antibodies. 

\ DISORDERS (INHERITANCE)  

  • Sickle cell anemia creates crescent shaped red blood cells. Hemoglobin, oxygen carrying protein, is deficient.
  • Hemophilia is when blood doesn't clot.
  • Arthritis is when cartilage breaks down and skeletal joints deteriorate or fuse together.

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DISORDERS (POOR NUTRITION) 

  • Gallstones is deposits of hardened cholesterol in the gallbladder.
  • Anemia is the reduced ability of blood to carry oxygen from lack of iron.

   

DISORDERS (ORGAN MALFUNCTION) 

  • Coronary thrombosis is the blockage of coronary artery. 
  • Gout is a painful swelling of joints when amino acid builds up.
  • Stroke is when portion of the brain fails due to blocked blood supply.
  • Diabetes is the inability to maintain proper blood sugar to failure of the pancrea.

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DISORDERS (PERSONAL BEHAVIOR)

  • High Blood Pressure is caused by fatty buildup in arteries caused by stress, smoking, diet.
  • Tendinitis is the swelling of the tendon-bone junction caused by constant stress.

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DISORDERS (CANCER)

  • Uncontrolled cell division caused by gene mutations leads to tumors.
  • Exposure to certain chemicals/radiation increases chance of mutations.
  • Leukemia is cancer of bone marrow.

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HIV and AIDS- Human Immunodeficiency Virus

  • Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome   * The body has very low numbers of T cells, and can no longer fight disease.

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