9th Grade Immune System

Blood helps protect the body against invaders (viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites).

ANTIGENS, PATHOGENS, AND ANTIBODIES

• Antigens are chemical markers recognized by the immune system as a foreign invader (triggers a response from immune system).

• Pathogen are the infectious agent such as a bacteria or virus. 

• Antibodies are proteins produced in response to a specific antigen.

  

WHITE BLOOD CELLS

• There are two types of white blood cells: phagocytes and lymphocytes.
• Phagocytes engulf and destroy invaders.
• Lymphocytes, (T cells and B cells) produce antibodies.

VACCINATIONS

• Vaccines use weakened or dead pathogens to stimulate the immune system, which causes the body to produce specific antibodies for the pathogen. This builds up memory.
• If the pathogen enters your body again, your body will already have the antibody for it. 

IMMUNITY

• Active immunity is when your body makes antibodies (ex: getting sick, vaccines).

• Passive immunity is receiving antibodies from an outside source (ex: breastfeeding).  \n

  AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE is when the immune system attacks parts of the body that are not harmful.

BLOOD TYPING

• TYPE A has antigen A and antibody B. 
• TYPE B has antigen B and antibody A.
• TYPE AB is the UNIVERSAL ACCEPTOR, has antigens A and B, have no antibodies. 
• TYPE O is the UNIVERSAL DONORS has NO antigens, have both A and B antibodies. 

DISORDERS (INHERITANCE)  

• Sickle cell anemia creates crescent shaped red blood cells. Hemoglobin, oxygen carrying protein, is deficient.
• Hemophilia is when blood doesn't clot.
• Arthritis is when cartilage breaks down and skeletal joints deteriorate or fuse together.

DISORDERS (POOR NUTRITION) 

• Gallstones is deposits of hardened cholesterol in the gallbladder.

• Anemia is the reduced ability of blood to carry oxygen from lack of iron.

   

DISORDERS (ORGAN MALFUNCTION) 

• Coronary thrombosis is the blockage of coronary artery. 
• Gout is a painful swelling of joints when amino acid builds up.
• Stroke is when portion of the brain fails due to blocked blood supply.
• Diabetes is the inability to maintain proper blood sugar to failure of the pancrea.

DISORDERS (PERSONAL BEHAVIOR)

• High Blood Pressure is caused by fatty buildup in arteries caused by stress, smoking, diet.
• Tendinitis is the swelling of the tendon-bone junction caused by constant stress.

DISORDERS (CANCER)

• Uncontrolled cell division caused by gene mutations leads to tumors.
• Exposure to certain chemicals/radiation increases chance of mutations.
• Leukemia is cancer of bone marrow.

HIV and AIDS- Human Immunodeficiency Virus

• Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
  • The body has very low numbers of T cells, and can no longer fight disease.