Carbohydrates are composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen (CH2O)

Functions of Carbohydrates include:

• Energy Source

• Raw Materials

• Energy Storage

• Structural Materials in Plants

Monomers (Building Blocks) are sugars

Examples of Carbs include Sugars, Starches, & Cellulose

Sugars:

• Most names for sugars end in “-ose”

• They are classified by the number of carbons

• Ex;

• 6C - Hexose

• 5C - Pentose

• 3C - Triose

Simple and Complex Sugars

• Monosaccharides are 1 monomer sugars like glucose

• Disaccharides are 2 monomers like sucrose

• Polysaccharides are large polymers (many sugars) like Amylose Starch

Building Sugars

• Dehydration Synthesis = Polymerization

• Anabolic Process

• Produces Polymers

• Monomer + Monomer = Polymer + H2o

Polysaccharides

• Polymers of sugars

• It costs little energy to build

• Easily reversible = Release Energy

• Funtion:

• Energy Storage

• Starch (Plants)

• Glycogen (Animal)

• Structure = building materials

• Cellulose (plants)

• Chitin (Fungus)

Molecular Structure Determines Function

Isomers: Same molecular formula but differ in 3D-structure

Digesting Starch vs. Cellulose

• Starch: Easy to digest! (yay)

• Cellulose: Hard to digest…(nay)

Cellulose

• The most abundant organic compound on Earth

• Herbivores can digest cellulose

• Most carnivores cannot digest cellulose

• For example; Cows (herbivores) can digest cellulose because they have specific enzymes that humans do not

The Structure of Protein

• proteins are the main structural and growth components of cells in tissues such as: Skin cells, hair, red blood cells, and muscle

• Other proteins serve in regulatory capacity as enzymes and hormones

• Proteins are made up of: Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen (Phosphorus and Sulfur are also found in many proteins)

• The Amino Acid is the basic structural unit of all proteins

• There are about 20 different Amino Acids known to exist in proteins; all of them have a similar basic structure.

• The general structure of an a-amino acid, with the amino group on the left and the Carboxyl group on the right.

• A Protein is formed by the chemical bonding of many amino acid molecules.

• Proteins may contain as few as 50 or as many as 5,000 amino acids.

• The chemical combination of two or more amino acids is called a DIPETIDE

• The amino group of one amino acid molecule combines with the acid group of another in what is called a peptide bond.

Lipids (Fats)

Lipids are a group of biological molecules composed mostly of Carbon, Hydrogen, and fewer amounts of Oxygen

Lipids are insoluble in water, serves as a source of Stored Energy and are a component in Cell Membrane

Functions of Lipids:

• Energy Storage

• Cell Membrane Structure

• Protecting against Desiccation/Drying Out

• Insulating Against Cold

• Regulating Cell Activities by Hormone Actions

• Structure and Protein

Elements that make up lipids: Carbon, Hydroge, and Oxygen. Otherwise known as CHO

A Carbohydrate has 2x the number of Hydrogen Atoms as the number of Oxygen Atoms

The common categories of lipids are Fats, Oils, and Waxes

Triglycerides are made up of 2 subunits: Glyceral and 3 fatty acids.

What does a triglyceride’s structure look like?

• Glyceral - An alcohol with three carbons

• Fatty Acid - Long Flydrocarbon chains with Carboxyl group at one end

The -OH on glycerol can react with the -COOH groups on fatty acids, causing the acid to join to the glycerol, and releasing water.

The glycerol and 3 fatty acids react to form Triglyceride

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats

• Saturated fats have all Single Bonds.

• Solids at room temperature like most animal fats (such as butter)

• Unsaturated fats have at least one Double Bond.

• Liquids at room temperature like most plant fats (such as olive oil)

Phospholipids

Structure:

• Glycerol + 2 Fatty Acids + Phosphate

• PO4 is negatively charged

Phospholipids in Water

• Hydrophilic heads (glycerol) are attracted to H2O

• Hydrophobic tails (fatty acids) are NOT attracted to H2O (they create a bilayer/two layers of the cell membrane and create a barrier in the water)

Nucleic Acids

What is DNA?

A Double Helix molecule containing the genetic info of organisms

Nucleic Acid Monomers = Nucleotides

Nucleotide = 5 carbon sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

• Double Stranded

• Can self replicate

• Makes up genes which code for protein passed from one generation to another

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

• Single Stranded

• Functions in actual synthesis of proteins coded by DNA

• Made from DNA template