Bio Final

Skeletal Basics & Bone Structure

  • Foramen Magnum

    • The hole in the occipital bone that allows for the passage of the spinal cord.

  • Classification of Arm and Leg Bones

    • Bones of the arms and legs are classified as Long bones.

  • Fontanels

    • Membranous areas, soft spots found in infants, typically where the skull bones have not yet fused.

  • Anatomical Position of the Ulna

    • In anatomical position, the ulna is positioned medial to the radius, meaning it is located on the inner side of the forearm.

  • Centrifuged Blood and the Buffy Coat

    • When blood is centrifuged, the buffy coat contains platelets and leukocytes (white blood cells).

  • Red Blood Cells (RBCs) Definition

    • Red blood cells possess a protein known as hemoglobin, which is essential for oxygen transport.

  • Osteocytes

    • Relatively inactive bone cells that help maintain the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the bone tissue.

  • Importance of Articular Cartilage

    • Articular cartilage is important in long bones as it allows bones to rub together with reduced friction at joints, facilitating smooth movement.

  • Sternum Portions

    • The three portions of the sternum from superior to inferior are: Manubrium, Body, and Xiphoid process.

  • Hematocrit Calculation

    • If blood is composed of 53% plasma, 1% buffy coat, and 46% RBCs, the hematocrit is 46%.

Vertebrae, Bone Tissue, and Skull

  • C2 (Axis) Structure

    • The structure on C2, known as the Dens (odontoid process), allows for the rotation of the head in a “no” motion.

  • Osteons in Bone

    • The structural units of mature compact bone are referred to as Osteons.

  • Bone Storage

    • Bone serves as the body's main storage for Calcium, vital for various physiological functions.

  • C1 (Atlas) Characteristics

    • The first cervical vertebra (C1 or atlas) lacks both a vertebral body and a spinous process, distinguishing it from other vertebrae.

  • Primary Ossification Centers

    • Primary ossification centers typically develop in the diaphysis (shaft) of long bones.

  • Fused Vertebrae

    • In adults, vertebrae that are fused are located in the sacral region of the spine.

  • Hematopoiesis

    • The process of blood cell formation occurring in red bone marrow is called hematopoiesis.

  • Compact Bone Definition

    • Compact bone is the hard, dense bone forming the outer surface of bones, giving them strength and structure.

  • Temporal Bone and Parietal Bone

    • The temporal bone meets the parietal bone at the squamous suture, which is critical for the structural integrity of the skull.

  • Non-Cranial Bone Identification

    • Among the bones, the zygomatic bone is not classified as a cranial bone, as it is part of the facial skeleton.

Joints, Ribs, and Facial Bones

  • Bone Without Paranasal Sinus

    • The nasal bone does not house a paranasal sinus compared to other facial bones.

  • Synovial Joint Definition

    • A synovial joint is characterized by a fluid-filled cavity between articulating bones, allowing for significant movement.

  • Patella as a Sesamoid Bone

    • The patella is classified as a sesamoid bone because it is located within tendons, specifically the quadriceps tendon.

  • Sphenoid Bone Articulation

    • The sphenoid bone articulates with every other cranial bone, making it a central element in the skull's architecture.

  • Osteoclast Function

    • Osteoclasts are the cells responsible for the breakdown of bone through a process known as resorption.

  • Hyoid Bone Characteristics

    • The hyoid bone is unique as it does not articulate with any other bone, serving as an attachment for tongue and neck muscles.

  • True Ribs Identification

    • True ribs include ribs 1-7, which directly articulate with the sternum.

  • Functional Classification of Cartilaginous Joints

    • Cartilaginous joints are classified functionally as either synarthroses (non-movable) or amphiarthroses (slightly movable).

  • Sagittal Suture Bones

    • The parietal bones meet at the sagittal suture, which runs down the midline of the skull.

  • Dental Bones Identification

    • The bones housing teeth include the mandible and maxillary bones.

Ossification & Vertebrae

  • Palatine Bone Contribution

    • The palatine bone contributes to the structure of the hard palate, forming part of the roof of the mouth.

  • Joint Immobilization and Functional Classes

    • A cast immobilizing a joint resembles a synarthrosis, which allows for no movement between bones.

  • Hematopoietic Stem Cell (HSC)

    • The cell type that gives rise to all formed elements of blood is called a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC).

  • Fibrous Joints Relationship

    • Sutures between cranial bones are classified as fibrous joints, characterized by their stability and lack of movement.

  • Liver and Plasma Proteins

    • The organ that secretes most plasma proteins is the Liver, which plays a crucial role in maintaining blood composition.

  • Tissue Model for Endochondral Bone Formation

    • Hyaline cartilage is the tissue that models endochondral bone formation, primarily for long bones.

  • Axial Skeleton Functions

    • One function that is not associated with the axial skeleton is aiding in motion, which is primarily a function of the appendicular skeleton.

  • Movable Bone of the Skull

    • The only movable bone in the skull is the mandible, which allows for jaw movement.

  • Number of Lumbar Vertebrae

    • There are a total of 5 lumbar vertebrae in the human spine, providing support and flexibility.

  • Unique Feature of Thoracic Vertebrae

    • The unique features of thoracic vertebrae are the presence of superior and inferior costal facets, which articulate with the ribs.

Bone Microscopy & Blood Cells

  • Osteon Components

    • Components that are not part of an osteon include trabeculae, which are instead found in spongy bone.

  • Fibrous Joints Characteristics

    • Fibrous joints are designed for stability and typically allow for little to no movement, making them suited for areas needing solid support.

  • Intramembranous Ossification

    • This type of ossification primarily occurs in the skull bones, where bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue rather than cartilage.

  • Canaliculi Function

    • The canaliculi are tiny canals connecting lacunae together, facilitating nutrient exchange and communication between osteocytes.

  • Lacuna Definition

    • The small cavity that contains an osteocyte is referred to as a lacuna, embedded within the bone matrix.

  • Iron Transport from Hemoglobin

    • Iron that is released from the breakdown of hemoglobin is transported in the bloodstream by a protein called transferrin.

  • Structural Classification of Joints

    • Types of structural joints include sutural joints, syndesmoses, and gomphoses, all classified as fibrous joints.

  • Joint Mobility Classes

    • Functional joint classes can be ranked from the least to the most movable as follows: Synarthrosis → Amphiarthrosis → Diarthrosis.

  • Common Type of Leukocyte

    • The most common type of leukocyte (WBC) found in adults is the neutrophil, which plays a key role in the body's immune response.

  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Smell Sense

    • Damage to the cribriform plate, a part of the ethmoid bone, would primarily affect the sense of smell (olfaction), as it allows passage for the olfactory nerves.