RW reviewer 4th quarter

Week 1, Hypertext and Intertext

• Hypertext

Non-linear way of presenting information.

• Intertextuality

Literary device that creates an interrelationship between texts and generates real understanding in separate works.

Types of Contexts

1. Cultural - refers to a particular ‘way of life’, involving religion, race and nationality, as well as things like food, dress code and manners. It can also relate to art, music, writing and literature itself. Culturalcontext is especially important to note if the author is attempting to comment on an aspect of culture or the clash of two cultures.

2. Historical - is the broader environment of a topic or piece, which includes how time affects the importance of something. It also includes politics, culture, religion, economics and societal norms.

3. Personal - refers to both author and reader. Author’s lives always influence their work in some way. The reader’s background knowledge is also important in constructing a text.

4. Ideology - refers to the system of belief and ideas that underpin our attitudes and behaviors. Such ideology may be valued by society as a whole or be the basis of conflict.

5. Social - is how the people surrounding affect and interpret something. Social class, religious affiliation and gender are a few factors that affect how people view something and build social context. When interpreting this type of context, the intended audience of a text or created work is an essential element that changes how the viewer should look at an item.

• Hypertextuality

According to K. Amaral (2010), is simply a non-linear way of presenting information rather than reading or learning about things in the order that an author, or editor, or publisher sets out for us, readers of hypertext may follow their path, create their order- their meaning out the material.

• Intertextuality

As defined by Michael Riffaterre (2010), “depends on [a system of] limitations in our freedom of choice, of exclusions, since it is by renouncing incompatible associations within the text that we come to identify in the intertext their compatible counterparts.” He further states that this intertextuality is the complete opposite of hypertextuality because the former builds a “structured network” of limits that will keep the reader track (towards the “correct” interpretation), the latter is a “loose web of free association.”

Types of Intertextualities

1. Obligatory Intertextuality - the writer in this type of intertextuality deliberately involves a comparison or association between two or more texts.

2. Optional Intertextuality - connection to multiple texts of a single phrase or no connection at all. The intent of the writer is to pay homage to the original writer or reward those who have read the hypo-text.

3. Accidental Intertextuality - readers often connect a text with another text, cultural practice or a personal experience, without there being any tangible anchor point within the original text.

Week 2, Critical Reading as Reasoning: Evaluative Statement, Assertion, Counterclaim and Textual Evidence

• Critical Reading

Is a form of language analysis that does not take given text at face value, but involves a deeper examination of the claims put forth as well as the supporting points and possible counter arguments.

• Reasoning

Is the process of expressing ideas and opinions as well as justifying a stand based on prior and existing knowledge and experiences needed to arrive at a decision.

• Evaluative Statement

Is a way of presenting your final judgment on an idea or issue, whether it be positive or negative, right or wrong, moral or immoral supported by research or valid reasons.

• Assertion

The act of asserting or something that is asserted. A positive statement or declaration, often without support or reason.

• Counterclaim

The opposing side of the argument.

• Critical Reading

Baraceros (2005), expressed that critical reading is necessary for the students to know how to examine critically what they see, feel and read to be able to make good judgments or decisions for the welfare of their countrymen.

1. What a text says - “restatement” (talks about the same topic as the original text)

2. What a text does - “description” (discusses aspects of discussion itself)

3. What a text means - “interpretation” (analyzes the text and asserts a meaning for the text as a whole)

• Evaluative Statement

Evaluative statement is a way of giving a better explanation to show the strength and weakness of something through writing. It presents a value judgment based on a set of criteria. It is done after reading a text carefully and critically and the statement is about one’s judgment of the text’s content.

• Assertion

A way to convince a critical reader to accept the writer’s claim is to formulate assertions. Assertions, as defined by Tiongson (2016), are “declarative sentences that claim something is true about something else.” These sentences may either be statements of truths or opinions.

Types of Assertion according to Degree of Certainty

1. Fact - this is a statement that can be proven objectively by direct experience, testimonies of witnesses, verified observations, or the results of research.

Example: Online learning became popular in the early 2000s.

2. Convention - a way in which something is done, similar to traditions and norms. It can be verified only by reference to historical precedent, customs, laws, rules and even common usage.

Example: Online learning is classified as both synchronous and asynchronous.

3. Opinion - it is based on facts but is difficult to objectively verify because of the uncertainty of producing satisfactory proofs of soundness.

Example: For me, online learning is better now than it ever was because of Covid-19.

4. Preference - it is based on personal choice; therefore, they are subjective and cannot be objectively proven or logically attacked. Expressions like ‘I want’, ‘I like’, and ‘I would rather do this’ are used in this type of assertion.

Example: Online learning is one of the most preferred methods of teaching because of the pandemic.

• Textual Evidence

Evidence/Support used to support an argument/position, and is derived from reading and drawing from other text. It is provided in the form of quotation, paraphrase, descriptions of theory and description. Its importance is in the details, and in paying attention to the details in words and intent.

Week 3, Purposeful Writing in The Disciplines: Book Review or Article Critique

• Review

Refers to an essay analyzing a literary or artistic work, but can also sometimes imply a more casual or personal opinion.

• Critique

Is a somewhat formal word that typically refers to a careful judgment in which someone gives an opinion about something.

• Introduction

In which gives you the main details; Title, kind of the book, writer, publishing house, publishing dates.

• Body

This is the analysis and evaluation part of the review or critique paper. It focuses on the plot and characters.

• Conclusion

A judgment or decision reached by reasoning. Which can contain a positive/negative opinion justified by a comment on, opinion of the characters, story, ending, and plot. Opinion of the book with a justification.

Two Main Types of Book Reviews

1. Descriptive Reviews

Descriptive reviews are book reviews that objectively describe a book. They tell

about the events and purpose of the book and include key elements and details. Descriptive reviews may tell who the intended audience is and the overall reading level of the book.

2. Critical Reviews

Critical reviews describe and evaluate the book. They provide an analysis of the book and use text evidence to support that analysis. A critical review makes a statement about what the author was trying to say. It assesses if and how the author made that statement. Supporting evidence from the text is very important in this type of book review.

Week 4, Purposeful Writing in The Disciplines: Literature Review and Research Report

• Literature

Is a body of written works that expresses ideas, emotions, and stories, often with a lasting impact on readers and society.

• Research

Is a systematic and disciplined inquiry that aims to discover, interpret, and expand knowledge in a specific field of study.

• Research Gap

Is a question, problem or issue that has not been answered or explored by any of the

existing studies or research within a field of study

• Proofreading

Is the act of checking and correcting errors in a text before it is published or shared

• Citation

Is a way of giving credit to the source of information that you use in your writing.

• Methodological

Is describing something that relates to the methods and practices of a certain discipline.

• Theoretical

Is describing ideas, theories, or explanations that are not based on practical experience or evidence.

• Literature Review

A literature review is a type of academic writing that provides an overview of existing knowledge in a particular field of research. It illuminates how knowledge has evolved within the field, highlighting what has already been done, what is generally accepted, what is emerging and what is the current state of thinking on the topic. Additionally, literature reviews identify the gaps in the current knowledge - that is, uninvestigated or under-researched areas.

• Bibliography

A list of sources (books, journals, Web sites, periodicals, etc.) one has used for researching a topic. Bibliographies are sometimes called "References" or "Works Cited" depending on the style format you are using. A bibliography usually just includes the bibliographic information (i.e., the author, title, publisher, etc.). An annotation is a summary and/or evaluation.

• Annotated Bibliography

An annotated bibliography includes a summary and/or evaluation of each of the sources. Depending on your project or the assignment, your annotations may do one or more of the following.

1. Summarize: Some annotations merely summarize the source. What are the main arguments? What is the point of this book or article? What topics are covered? If someone asked what this article/book is about, what would you say? The length of your annotations will determine how detailed your summary is.

2. Assess: After summarizing a source, it may be helpful to evaluate it. Is it a useful source? How does it compare with other sources in your bibliography? Is the information reliable? Is this source biased or objective? What is the goal of this source?

3. Reflect: Once you've summarized and assessed a source, you need to ask how it fits into your research. Was this source helpful to you? How does it help you shape your argument? How can you use this source in your research project? Has it changed how you think about your topic?

• Chronological

The simplest approach is to trace the development of the topic over time. However, if you choose this strategy, be careful to avoid simply listing and summarizing sources in order. Try to analyze patterns, turning points and key debates that have shaped the direction of the field. Give your interpretation of how and why certain developments occurred.

• Thematic

If you have found some recurring central themes, you can organize your literature review into subsections that address different aspects of the topic. For example, if you are reviewing literature about inequalities in migrant health outcomes, key themes might include healthcare policy, language barriers, cultural attitudes, legal status, and economic access.

• Methodological

If you draw your sources from different disciplines or fields that use a variety of research methods, you might want to compare the results and conclusions that emerge from different approaches. For example:

1. Look at what results have emerged in qualitative versus quantitative research

2. Discuss how the topic has been approached by empirical versus theoretical scholarship

3. Divide the literature into sociological, historical, and cultural sources

• Theoretical

A literature review is often the foundation for a theoretical framework. You can use it to discuss various theories, models, and definitions of key concepts. You might argue for the relevance of a specific theoretical approach, or combine various theoretical concepts to create a framework for your research.

• Research Report

Is a written document that presents the results of a research project or study, including the research question, methodology, results, and conclusions, in a clear and objective manner. The purpose of a research report is to communicate the findings of the research to the intended audience, which could be other researchers, stakeholders, or the general public.

Components of Research Report

1. Introduction

The introduction sets the stage for the research report and provides a brief overview of the research question or problem being investigated. It should include a clear statement of the purpose of the study and its significance or relevance to the field of research. It may also provide background information or a literature review to help contextualize the research.

2. Literature Review

The literature review provides a critical analysis and synthesis of the existing research and scholarship relevant to the research question or problem. It should identify the gaps, inconsistencies, and contradictions in the literature and show how the current study addresses these issues. The literature review also establishes the theoretical framework or conceptual model that guides the research.

3. Methodology

The methodology section describes the research design, methods, and procedures used to collect and analyze data. It should include information on the sample or participants, data collection instruments, data collection procedures, and data analysis techniques. The methodology should be clear and detailed enough to allow other researchers to replicate the study.

4. Results

The results section presents the findings of the study in a clear and objective manner. It should provide a detailed description of the data and statistics used to answer the research question or test the hypothesis, tables, graphs, and figures may be included to help visualize the data and illustrate the key findings.

5. Discussion

The discussion section interprets the results of the study and explains their significance or relevance to the research question or problem. It should also compare the current findings with those of previous studies and identify the implications for future research or practice. The discussion should be based on the results presented in the previous section and should avoid speculation or unfounded conclusions.

6. Conclusion

The conclusion summarizes the key findings of the study and restates the main argument or thesis presented in the introduction. It should also provide a brief overview of the contributions of the study to the field of research and the implications for practice or policy.

7. References

The references section lists all the sources cited in the research report, following a specific citation style, such as APA or MLA.

8. Appendices

The appendices section includes any additional material, such as data tables, figures, or instruments used in the study, that could not be included in the main text due to space limitations.

Week 5, Purposeful Writing in Disciplines: Project Proposal and Position Paper

• Lead

It is an opening paragraph that gives the audience the most important information of the news story concisely and clearly, while still maintaining the readers’ interest.

• Implementation

The process of putting a decision or plan into effect; execution.

• Rationale

The reasons or intentions that cause a particular action or decision.

• Controversial

Causing disagreement or discussion

• Argument

In academic writing, an argument is usually a main idea, often called a “claim” or “thesis statement,” backed up with evidence that supports the idea.

• Counter-argument

A counter argument involves acknowledging standpoints against your argument and re-affirming your argument. This is typically done by stating the opposing side’s argument, and then ultimately presenting your argument as the most logical solution.

• Project Proposal

A project proposal is a highly persuasive and informative document that aims to address a particular problem or issue. It is a bid or offer to initiate a project for an individual or a group. This is a written presentation of a project, program, or innovation you plan to

Implement. What if words, other than giving our thoughts, could construct a future we envision? Can we harness the power of purposeful writing not just to speak change, but to create it? Project proposals are submitted to an appropriate agency or association for implementation or funding. For example, you plan to implement a literacy project for out-of-school youth in your barangay. If you want this project to be approved for implementation or even funded by the appropriate agency, you must submit a project proposal. It ranges from 1,000 to 2,500 words depending on the complexity of the project being proposed.

Parts of Project Proposal

1. Cover Letter

i.  Introduce the proposal to the reader.

ii. States the project proposal title, date the proposal was requested (if solicited), general purpose and scope of the proposal, and acknowledgment of people who have contributed to the completion of the proposal.

iii. Includes the highlights of the proposal and directs the readers to these highlights

2. Title Page

i. Includes the project title that is concise and informative

ii. Includes the lead organization, place and date of project, client’s or donor’s name, proponent’s name and the department or organization he/she represents, and date of submission

3. Abstract or Executive Summary

i. Includes the objectives, implementing organization, major project points, and total project cost

ii. Usually composed of 200 to 250 words and highlights only the major points; some abstracts may be longer depending on the culture of the funding agency

iii. Uses a paragraph format

4. Context of the Proposal

i. Describes the socio-economic, cultural and political background in which the proposal is situated

ii. Presents data collected from other sources that are relevant to the planning stage

5. Project Justification

i. Provides rationale for the project

ii. Includes a problem statement that specifies the problem addressed by the project

iii. Points out why the problem is an issue that requires immediate attention

iv.Specifies the target group’s needs that arise from the adverse effect of the described problem

v. Presents the approach or strategy that will be used to address the problem

vi. Describes the capability of the implementing organization or group by stating its track record

Note: When writing this section, justify why your organization or group is the best group to implement the project.

6. Personnel Involved

i. Lists the people involved in the project, their corresponding roles, and their summary of qualifications

7. Project Implementation

i. is divided into an activity plan which specifies the schedule of activities and a resource plan which specifies the items needed to implement the project

ii. Describes the activities and resource allocation in detail, as well as the person in charge of executing the activities

iii. Indicates the time and place of activities

8. Budget

i. Presents the expected income and expenses over a specific time period

Itemizes the budget

9. Monitoring and Evaluation

i. Specifies when and how the team will monitor the progress of the project

ii. Specifies the method for monitoring and evaluation

iii. Specifies the personnel in charge of monitoring and evaluation

10. Reporting Scheme

i. Specifies the schedule for reporting the finances and progress of the project

11. Conclusion

i. Briefly describes the project, the problem it addresses, and its benefits to all stakeholders through a summary

ii. Directs the readers back to the good features of the project

iii. Urges the readers to contact the proponent to work out the details of the project proposal

12. References

i. Lists all the references used in drafting the project proposal using the format required by the funding agency

Parts of a Position Paper:

1. The Introduction – identifies the issue that will be discussed and states the author’s position on that issue.

• Introduce your topic with background information

• Build up your thesis statement which asserts your position

• Fast food restaurants are bad for our health.

• Fast food packages should contain warning labels.

2. The Body – contains the central argument and can be further broken up into sections:

• Choose a topic for your paper

• Conduct Research

• Challenge your own topic

• Collect supporting evidence

• Create an outline

• Possible objections to your position (counter argument)

• Whose job is it to determine which restaurants are bad?

• Such labels would affect the profits of major corporations.

1. A discussion of both sides of the issue, which addresses and refutes arguments that contradict the author’s position (your argument)

• It would be difficult and expensive for any entity to determine which restaurants should adhere to the policy.

• Nobody wants to see the government overstepping its boundaries.

2. Explain that your position is still the best one, despite the strength of counter arguments. This is where you can work to discredit some of the counter arguments and support your own.

• Restaurants might improve the standards of food if warning labels were put into place.

• The role of the government is to keep citizens safe.

3. Conclusion – restating the key points and when applicable, suggest resolution to the issue (Thoughtco 2020).

1. Restate your position

2. Provide Plan of Action

Week 6, Purposeful Writing for Professions:

Application for College Admission, Résumé, Application for

Employment, and Various Forms of Office Correspondence

• Application Letter

A letter of application, also known as a cover letter, is a document sent with your résumé to provide additional information on.

• Office Correspondence

Is a written interchange of internal (communication between company departments) and external communication (communication between a company to another firm) to assist the flow of business processes.

• College Admission Letter

Is also known as the "letter of intent". It is a brief discussion of your intention to be admitted to a specific course in college.

• The Employment Application Letter

Is widely known as a "cover letter". It is used to introduce yourself to a prospective employer. You write this to demonstrate your interest in the company, sell your services and qualifications in written form, and show that you are fit for a job. It is usually submitted with a résumé.

The purpose of writing an application letter is to obtain an interview. The letter, therefore, should be persuasive. It should qualify that the employer will want to talk with you and find out more about you before the employer makes a choice among applicants for a job. It is unlikely that your résumé will be read if your application letter doesn't make a good first impression.

Classes of Application Letter

1. Solicited – written in response to an advertisement.

2. Unsolicited – written at the suggestion of someone who knows the existence of a vacancy or the application himself believes a vacancy in the office.

• Resume

Résumé originated from the French word résumé which means, “summary”. It is a concise document that highlights your education, work experience, and other qualifications such as your skills and strengths.

• Internal Correspondence

Means there is a communication or agreement between the department and branches of the same company

• External Correspondence

The communication is between the company and another organization or firm. The purpose of the correspondence is to communicate the information in a clear and professional way. The most important channel through which Business Communication and Official Communication take place in any written or digital form between two or more parties. It may be in the form of letters, memos, e-mail messages, text messages, fax messages, voicemails, notes etc.

Three Major Forms of Office Correspondence

1. Business Letter - the traditional way of communicating information from one company to another or used in external correspondence. The format can either be full block, modified block, and semi- block. Various types of letters are sales letter, order letter, complaint letter, inquiry letter, adjustment letter, acknowledgement letter, follow-up letter, cover letter, letter of recommendation, and letter of resignation.

2. Business Memorandum or Memo - a written communication strictly between the company’s offices to another or used in internal correspondence. A memo has its title line and series number. Employees tend to read the memorandum if the title line is related to their job description. Memos are also used to implement internal guidelines or procedures that the employees must follow.

3. Business E-mail - an office correspondence that can either be internal or external. There is no required format in writing e-mail correspondence, but it is expected that the writer maintains a professional tone. Note that the header of the letter is written on the blank fields including that “from” and “to” fields. “from” contains e-mail from the sender while the field “to” contains the email of the recipient.

Format Styles of Business Letters

• Block format

Block format features all elements of the letter aligned to the left margin of the page. It has a neat and simple appearance. Paragraphs are separated by a double line space.

• Modified block format

Modified block differs from block style in that the date, sign-off, and signature lines begin at the center point of the page line. The beginning of each paragraph is indented five spaces, along with the subject line, if used. Depending on the length of the letter, paragraphs may be separated by a single- or double-line space.

• Semi-block format

Semi-block is like a block but has a more informal appearance. The letterhead, dateline, complimentary close and signature block are all aligned to the right margin of the page. Paragraphs are left-aligned, except for the beginning of each paragraph, which is indented five spaces. Paragraphs are separated by a double line space.