Sociology Chapters 9 and 10 Test

Racial and Ethnic Relations

FROM PACKET

Race - category of people who share observable PHYSICAL characteristics and whom are seen as distinct; Ex: Caucasoid (white complected), Negriod (dark complected), Mongoloid (yellow complected)

Ethnicity - set of CULTURAL characteristics that distinguishes one group from another; Ex: Hispanics

Minority Group - treated differently based on race or ethnicity; Ex: See page 211 (minority group and dominant group, see bullet points

Sociological Minority - group larger in #’s but treated like a minority; Ex: South Africa Pre 1964

Dominate Group - group that possesses the power and privilege; Ex: Upper caste in India and The Sunnies in Saudi Arabia

Charateristics Distinguishing Minority Groups - Group that possess indenifiable physical or cultural characteristics that differ from the dominant group; Group members receive unequal treatment from the dominant group; Membership in the group are ascirbed, or assigned, status; Group members share a strong bond and a sense of group loyalty; Members tend to marry within the group

Intergroup Relations

Predjudice - unsupported attitude or belief toward a group; Ex: Stereotypes

Discrimination - unfair treatment of a group; generally based on prejudice; Actions; Ex: Hate Crime, Antisemitism, Racism, Colorism, Legal Discrimination (Plessy vs. Ferguson and Jim Crow Laws), Institutional Discrimination

Merton’s Pattern of Prejudice and Discrimination - Argued that prejudice and discrimination are related but do always go hand-in-hand; Came up with 4 different types of ways people discrimination and prejudice; The Active Bigot, The Timid Bigot, The Fair-Weather Liberal, The All-Weather Liberal

Active Bigot - is prejudice and openly discriminatory

Timid Bigot - is prejudice, but is afraid to discriminate because of societal pressures

Fair-Weather Liberal - is not prejudiced but discriminates anyway because of societal pressure.

All-Weather Liberal - is not prejudiced and does not discriminate.

Patterns of Minority Group Treatment - Starting top to bottom, the top being the highest in acceptance and the bottom being the lowest in acceptance. Cultural Pluralism, Assimilation, Legal Protection, Subjugation, Segregation, Population Transfer, Extermination

Cultural Pluralism - ethnic, Religious, and Racial variety are encouraged; Ex: Switzerland

Assimilation - Culturally distant groups blended into a single group with a common culture; Ex: U.S. (Melting Pot)

Legal Protection - Minority rights are protected by law; Ex: U.S. and Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title 6

Subjuction - dominant group controls every aspect of minority group life through force; Ex. Apartheid in Africa, Plessy v. Feurguson

Segregation - minority groups are physically separated from the dominant group; Ex. Japanese Interment Camps, Ethnic Clensing

Population Transfer - dominant group moves the minority group to new locations within or outside of the country; Ex. Relocation of Native Americans

Reactions to Discrimination - Submission, Withdraw, Imitation, Aggiation

Aggiation as a reaction to discrimination - civil rights movement, political correctness, woke, cancel culture, and DEI (diversity, equity, and inclusion)

Minority groups in the U.S. - 1. White, 2. Hispanic, 3. Black, 4. Asain, 5. Mixed, 6. Other

Explantions of Prejudice and Discrimination

Functionalist Perspective - the dominant group’s self-concept improved; scapegoat

Conflict Perspective - dominant group keeps power and control Ex. Jim Crow, Gerry Mandering

Interactionalist Perspective - prejudice learned in language children hear

Gender, Age, and Health

Gender

Patrearchy - a system in which men are dominant over women

Sexism - belief that one sex is superior to another; mistreatment

Gender Inequality in the U.S.

Senneca Falls - convention called for female suffrage

Education - Majority of people in higher education are female; Title 9 (gender equity in sports)

Family - Men have custodal rights; Lessure Gap (working women come home and do traditional household duties)

Politics - Women are the majority of the Voting Age population and more likely to vote; Men hold most of the political positions

Work - Wage gender gap (85cents); Pink Collar Jobs (Jobs associated with women); Glass Ceiling (barriers that prevent women from advancing)

Explanations of Gender Inequality

Functionalist Perspective on Gender Inequality - different roles benefit mankind; Ex. Females: nurturing at home

Conflict Perspective on Gender Inequality - Men benefit when women are subordinate: Ex. Work, Politics, Money

Interactionalist Perspective on Gender Inequality - socialization through family, schools, etc

Age

Ageism - beliefs used to justify inequalities based on age

Gray Power - large older population has much political clout; influence changes to gov’t programs such as Social Security and Medicare

Explanations of Age Discrimination

Functionlist Perspective on Age Discrimination - economic value decreases with age

Conflict Perspective on Age Discrimination - Forced retirements open jobs for younger workers

Interactionist - negative images of the elderly passed onto young people

Disabled

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) - makes discrimination against those with disabilities illegal; addresses 4 areas (Employment, Public Services, Public Accommodations, and Telecommunication)

Health

Immigrantion

Immigration rushes in order - W. Europe; Asia; E. Europe; Latin Am. (Barcero Program)

Immigration and Naturalization Service - regulates permanent residency and deportations

Naturalization - becoming an American citizen

In order to become a citizen - you have to be a good moral person (don’t want criminals); be able to read, write, and understand simple words in English (have to be functional); Need to know the fundamentals of U.S. History and government

Coyotes - people who smuggle people into the U.S.

Immigration Stats and Trends

Approx. 62 million Latinos in U.S.; 1 in 6 U.S. citizens; 1 in 4 babies born in U.S.

2050 Projects - 46% White, 30% Hispanic, 15% Black, 9% Asian

2025 - approx. 16% or 53 million of the U.S. population is foreign-born born

2016 - approx. 11-18 million illegal immigrants; some calculate no net gain of immigrants in U.S.

Occupations with the highest % of illegal immigrants - agriculture, building grounds/maintenance, construction, food preparation/ service, manufacturing

+10 million annually added to Social Security and Medicare’s suspense fund - some have fake social security numbers and some given legal tax numbers

2015 U.S. immigrants country of origin - Mexico (26.9%), India (5.5%), China (4.8%), Philippines (4.6%), El Salvador (3.1%)

Recent Developments

Anchor Babies - 14th Amendment provides birthright citizenship; A child born to a noncitizen mother in a country that has birthright citizenship, especially such a child born to parents seeking to secure eventual citizenship for themselves and often other members of their family.

2012 Deferred Actions for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) - allows minors who entered the U.S. before their 16th birthday and before June 2007 to stay; DREAMERS

President Trump - orders limitations of immigrants from countries with terrorist ties; increases deportations of immigrants with criminal records; BORDER WALL

2024 - Caravans at the borders, many seeking asylum; buses full of illegals to cities

2025 - increases in the # of arrest; decrease in the # of boarder crossings; many illegal visa overstays

Immigration gold card - $5 million to be able to be let in the United States (mainly for work)

Amnesty - legal forgiveness

FROM THE BOOK

Institutionalized Discrimination - an outgrowth of the structure of a society; pushes minorities into less powerful positions in society; this then becomes a part of the social structure; extremely hard to change

Stereotype - an oversimplified, exaggerated, or unfavorable generalization about a group of people

W.I. Thomas - Famous theorem is people act based on what they believe to be true not necessarily on what is true

Racism - the belief that one’s own race or ethnic group is naturally superior to other races or ethic groups

Theodor Adorno - a psychologist who found that prejudiced people often show characteristics of what Adorno called an authoritarian personality (more likely to conform to order of authority figures, these people tend to blame others for their problems)

Scapegoating - placing blame for one’s troubles on an innocent individual or group

Affirmative Action - programs that give preference to racial and ethnic minorities and women for jobs and school admission; designed to correct the past imbalances in educational and employment opportunities available to minority groups.

FROM QUIZLET

Ethnocentrism - Evaluating other people and cultures according to the standards of one's own culture.

????Merton's 4 types of individuals - Conformists, innovators, ritualists, and retreatists as outlined in Robert Merton's strain theory.????

Anti-antisemitism - Hostility to or prejudice against Jews.

Colorism - Prejudice or discrimination against individuals with a dark skin tone, typically among people of the same ethnic or racial group.

Political correctness - The avoidance of forms of expression or action that are perceived to exclude, marginalize, or insult groups of people who are socially disadvantaged or discriminated against.

Racial profiling - The use of race or ethnicity as grounds for suspecting someone of having committed an offense.

Dejure segregation - Racial segregation that is mandated by law.

Defacto segregation - Racial segregation that happens

Genocide - The deliberate killing of a large number of people from a particular nation or ethnic group with the aim of destroying that nation or group.

Glass ceiling - An unofficially acknowledged barrier to advancement in a profession, especially affecting women and members of minorities.

Gender/salary gap - The difference between wages earned by men and wages earned by women.

Immigration stats - Statistics related to the movement of people into a country to which they are not native.

Immigration patterns - The ways in which people move into a country, region, or area.

DAC - Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals - an American immigration policy that allows some individuals who were brought to the United States illegally as children to receive a renewable two-year period of deferred action from deportation and become eligible for a work permit.

Gray power - Political power and influence exerted by older people.

Agitating for change - Actively campaigning to bring about political or social change.

Hate crime - A crime motivated by racial, sexual, or other prejudice, typically one involving violence.

Population stat projection - Estimations of future population sizes based on current data and trends.

Stonewall Riots - A series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of the LGBTQ+ community in response to a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City.