Exam
45th and 47th president of the United States. A Republican, he launched the "Make America Great Again" (MAGA) movement, focusing on nationalism, economic deregulation, and strict immigration. Had two impeachment trials.
Donald J. Trump
14-year-old African American boy from Chicago brutally killed in Mississippi in August of 1955, after allegedly whistling at a white woman. His killers were acquitted by an all-white jury and never brought to justice.
Emmett Till
Pioneering American astronaut, Marine Corps aviator, and U.S. Senator. He became a national hero in 1962 as the first American to orbit the Earth aboard Friendship 7.
John Glenn
41st U.S. President (1989–1993), known for leading the Gulf War coalition, managing the end of the Cold War, and signing the Americans with Disabilities Act. As a Republican, he served as VP to Reagan and CIA Director.
George H.W. Bush
44th president of the U.S. (2009 to 2017), becoming the first African American to hold the office. A Democrat, his two terms included the Affordable Care Act, the 2008 financial crisis, & the raid that killed Bin Laden.
Barack Obama
Economic policy to combat "stagflation" through four main pillars: reducing government spending, cutting income and capital gains taxes, slashing regulation, and tightening the money supply to curb inflation.
All of the Above
Supply Side Economics
Reaganomics
Trickle Down Economics (or Voodoo Economics)
The final leader of the Soviet Union, serving as General Secretary from 1985 to 1991. He initiated groundbreaking reforms, including glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring), aimed at ending the Cold War.
Mikhail Gorbachev
13-day standoff between the US and USSR, bringing the world to the brink of nuclear war. After the US discovered USSR nuclear missiles in Cuba. JFK ordered a naval "quarantine" and Khrushchev removed the missiles.
Cuban Missile Crisis
American communists convicted of conspiring to pass atomic bomb secrets to the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Arrested in 1950, they were tried, convicted of espionage, and executed in 1953.
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
Conferences were crucial "Big Three" meetings planning the end of WWII and postwar order. They focused on Germany’s surrender, occupation zones, UN creation, reparations, postwar borders, and end of the war with Japan.
Yalta and Potsdam
46th president of the U.S. from 2021 to 2025. A Democrat, he previously served as the 47th vice president under Obama and for 36 years as a U.S. Senator from Delaware, focusing on foreign relations and criminal justice.
Joe Biden
42nd President of the U.S. from 1993 to 2001. A "New Democrat," he presided over the longest peacetime economic expansion in U.S. history, achieved a federal budget surplus, and signed NAFTA. He was nearly impeached.
Bill Clinton
Historic 1969 NASA mission that first landed humans on the Moon, fulfilling a national goal set by President Kennedy. Astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed the Lunar Module Eagle in the Sea of Tranquility.
Apollo 11
Landmark law that officially ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It prohibited discrimination in public accommodations.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
U.S. five-star general and a pivotal commander in the Pacific during World War II, known for his leadership in the Philippines and occupation of Japan. He led UN forces in the Korean War before being relieved of command.
General Douglas MacArthur
U.S. House of Representatives committee (1938–1975) that investigated suspected disloyalty and communist subversion in the U.S.. Known for high-profile investigations during the early Cold War (Nixon was a key leader).
HUAC
Doctrine established that the United States would provide political, military, and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from authoritarian (communist) forces. It pledged to support "free peoples."
Truman Doctrine
A massive Allied aerial supply mission (June 1948–September 1949) that delivered over 2.3 million tons of food and fuel to West Berliners after the Soviet Union blockaded all land access to the city.
Berlin Airlift
American politician, educator, and trailblazer who became the first Black woman elected to Congress (1968) and the first Black candidate to seek a major party's presidential nomination (1972).
Shirley Chisholm
43rd president of the U.S., a Republican known for leading the nation's "war on terror" following the 9/11 attacks. His presidency was defined by wars in Iraq & Afghanistan, major tax cuts, and "No Child Left Behind."
George W. Bush
African American leader & activist who championed Black empowerment, racial pride, and self-defense, rising to prominence as the leading voice of the Nation of Islam before his transformation into a global human rights.
Malcolm X
38th U.S. President (1974–1977) and the only person to hold both the vice presidency and presidency without being elected to either office. Assuming office after Richard Nixon’s resignation, he famously pardoned Nixon.
Gerald Ford
Landmark piece of federal legislation designed to enforce the 15th Amendment, outlawing discriminatory voting practices like literacy tests and establishing federal oversight in areas with histories of voter suppression.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Executive Order 9981, signed by President Harry S. Truman on July 26, 1948, abolished racial discrimination in the U.S. Armed Forces and ordered full integration of the military.
Executive Order 9981
Leader of the Soviet Union from 1955 to 1964, serving as First Secretary of the Communist Party. Known for his policy of "de-Stalinization." He built the Berlin Wall and was involved in the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Nikita Khrushchev
International organization founded in 1945, currently comprising 193 member states, designed to maintain global peace, security, and human rights. It acts as a forum for diplomacy to solve international disputes.
United Nations
Nazi Germany overran Belgium and France by land in the spring of 1940. From July through October of 1940, the Nazi Luftwaffe (Nazi air force) attacked what country by air through a bombing campaign?
Battle of Britain
Where was the Japanese attack on December 7, 1941 on the American naval base in the Pacific? This attack officially pulled the United States into World War II. "A date which will live in infamy." -FDR
Pearl Harbor
Who was the Nazi dictator that started World War II with the Nazi invasion of Poland in 1939 and later honored a pact with Japan to declare war on the U.S. in 1941?
Adolf Hitler
What North African battle was a British victory against the Nazi’s in late October and early November of 1942? This turning point in World War II and Allied victory prevented German forces from seizing the Suez Canal..
2nd Battle of El Alamein
What Eastern European battle was a Soviet Union victory over Nazi Germany that cost hundreds of thousands of lives in a months-long siege of this Russian city from August of 1942 through February of 1943?
Seige of Stalingrad
What European battle, led by American, British, and Canadian soldiers, was the largest amphibious assault in military history launched on June 6, 1944? The turning point in Western Europe (AKA: Operation Overlord)
Normandy Invasion (D-Day)
What was the Pacific battle that was a major American victory on June 4-7, 1942? This was one of the most significant carrier based naval battles during WWII that led to the sinking of 4 Japanese aircraft carriers.
Battle of Midway
What were the two Japanese cities that Americans dropped the atomic bombs on in August 1945?
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
What was the African American aviation units that fought proudly in Europe? They formed the 332nd Fighter Group and the 477th Bombardment Group of the United States Army Air Forces. They were also known as the Red Tails.
Tuskegee Airmen
What Native American tribe served in the U.S. Marine Corps and used their communication codes in the Pacific during World War II? Their oral code could not be broken by the Japanese during the war.
Navajo Code Talkers
What meeting in Switzerland attempted to ensure the humane treatment of prisoners of war by establishing rules to be followed by all nations? These rules or accords were not closely followed in World War II.
Geneva Convention
In what event did American POWs (prisoners of war) suffer brutal treatment by the Japanese after the surrender of the Philippines in 1942? Nearly 75,000 POWs were sent of this brutal death march.
Bataan Death March
Adolf Hitler and the Nazis used the "Final Solution" in an attempt to exterminate what religious group in Europe during World War II? Nearly six million people of the religion were killed during the Holocaust in WWII.
Jewish
What trials (13 trials total) were held for the purpose of bringing Nazi war criminals to justice for war crimes between 1945 and 1949?
Nuremberg
What decent was the Nisei (2nd Generation) 442nd Infantry Regiment? They are the most decorated regiment in the U.S. military history. They received 21 Medals of Honor, 9,486 Purple Hearts, and 8 Unit Citations.
Nisei Regiments
Who was the U.S. Army Chief of Staff (FDR’s main military advisor) during World War II? He also served as Secretary of State and Secretary of Defense after World War II for Truman. He created the plan to rebuild Europe.
George C. Marshall
Who was the 33rd U.S. President of the United States? He became president after the death of FDR in 1945. He led the US at the end of WWII, desegregated the military, and led the US at the start of the Cold War.
Harry S. Truman
Who was the Supreme Allied Commander that was in charge of the D-Day invasion during World War II? He would go on to be the 34th U.S. President and was responsible for U.S. interstate system and many Cold War policies.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Who was the British field marshal that led the British Army in North Africa and Italy during World War II? He would also help plan and lead the D-Day invasion in France to liberate Western Europe.
Bernard Montgomery
What was America's spy network during World War II? This organization is now the CIA.
Office of Strategic Services
The U.S. forcibly relocated and incarcerated over 120,000 Japanese-Americans (two-thirds of whom were U.S. citizens) in desolate inland camps from 1942 to 1945. Initiated by President Roosevelt’s Executive Order 9066.
Japanese Internment Camps
Imperial Japanese Army and Prime Minister of Japan for most of World War II (October 1941 to July 1944). A key militarist, he ordered the Pearl Harbor attack and oversaw aggressive expansion, leading to his execution.
Hediki Tojo
34th U.S. President (1953–1961) and a five-star general who served as Supreme Allied Commander in Europe during WWII and oversaw Operation Overlord (the Normandy "D-Day" Invasion on June 6, 1944).
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Final major amphibious assault (82 days late) of World War II in the Pacific (April 1–June 22, 1945). It was a US victory but unprecedented casualties, with over 12,000 American deaths and over 100,000 Japanese deaths.
Okinawa
Brutal 36-day WWII assault in the Pacific where Marines captured a key Japanese island (and Mt. Suribachi), 750 miles from Tokyo (to secure airfields for B-29 bombers). One of the costliest battles ever for US Marines.
Iwo Jima
One of the largest military campaigns of the Vietnam War, launched on January 30, 1968 (launched on the Vietnamese New Year) by forces of the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam.
Tet Offensive
Who was the American medical researcher and virologist that discovered and developed the first successful polio vaccine? He attended New York University School of Medicine, later choosing to do medical research.
Dr. Jonas Salk
Who was the second female justice to serve on the United States Supreme Court and the sixth Jewish justice on the court? She was a crusader for civil rights and was appointed by President Bill Clinton in 1993.
Ruth Bader Ginsburg
What Native American tribe were called the "Code Talkers" during World War II? Their unbreakable code helped American forces defeat the Japanese in the Pacific.
Navajo
During the Jim Crow Era, citizens in some states (mainly Southern) had to pay a fee or a poll tax to vote in U.S. elections. What Amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibiting the poll tax in U.S. elections?
24th Amendment
Who was the 14th Chief Justice of the Supreme (appointed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower) outlawed segregation in public schools and transformed many areas of American law? He ruled in Brown v. Board.
Earl Warren
What was the American spaceflight that landed the first humans on the Moon in 1969? The mission was manned by Michael Collins, Neil Armstrong, and Buzz Aldrin on July 20, 1969. Armstrong was the 1st to step on the moon.
Apollo 11
What international meeting in Switzerland was an attempt to ensure the humane treatment of civilians, prisoners of war, soldiers, and the establishment rules to be followed in war by all nations?
Geneva Convention
Who were the African American aviation units of military pilots (fighter and bomber) who fought in World War II? Formally, they formed the 332nd Fighter Group and the 477th Bombardment Group of the United States Army.
Tuskegee Airmen
What was the five to six month siege fought between the Soviet Union and Nazi forces from August of 1942 through February of 1943 during World War II? This Soviet Union victory was the turning point on the Eastern Front.
Siege of Stalingrad
Who was the 40th U.S. President from California? He called for a “conservative revolution,” a war on drugs, established a 30% tax cut, instituted “Star Wars,” and fought for the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Ronald Reagan
Who was the first female justice on the United States Supreme Court, appointed by President Ronald Reagan? She retired from the court in 2005. She served as chancellor of the College of William & Mary.
Sandra Day O'Conner
American trailblazer who broke Major League Baseball's color barrier on April 15, 1947, becoming the first African American to play in the modern MLB.
Jackie Robinson
Who was the U.S. Army Commander of all ground forces from 1964 to 1968 in Vietnam? He was a West Point graduate (Class of 1936), served in World War II in the 82nd Airborne, commanded an airborne combat team in Korea.
General William Westmoreland
Who was the 35th U.S. President from Massachusetts? He established the Peace Corps and the NASA Space Program, was responsible for overseeing the events of the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, but was assassinated in 1963.
John F. Kennedy
Who was the lead NAACP lawyer that defended the Brown family in the ground breaking Supreme Court decision, Brown v. Board? He was the 1st African American to serve as a Supreme Court Justice (he was appointed by LBJ).
Thurgood Marshall
Who was the 36th U.S. President? He was responsible for the Great Society, Civil Rights reform (24th Amendment, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Rights Act of 1965), “The War on Poverty,” and the troop surge in Vietnam.
Lyndon B. Johnson
Who was the communist leader (prime minister and later president) of North Vietnam? He maintained control of communist North Vietnam until his death in 1969. The city of Saigon was renamed for him in 1975.
Ho Chi Minh
Who was the American feminist/activist that authored The Feminine Mystique in 1963 and was one of the founders of the National Organization for Women? She fought for women’s equal rights in employment and education.
Betty Friedan
Who was the African American defense lawyer (a Howard Law grad) in the Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County in Richmond, Virginia in 1952? He was co-counsel with his law partner, Spottswood Robinson.
Oliver Hill
Who was the 39th U.S. President from Georgia? As president, he established the Department of Energy, the Department of Education, and most famously brokered the Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel.
Jimmy Carter
Who was the first female astronaut to enter the NASA Space Program in 1978 and the first American woman to go to space in 1983 (also the youngest American at age 32)? She earned four degrees from Stanford University.
Sally Ride
Who was the U.S. Army Chief of Staff during WWII under FDR? He served as both Secretary of State and Secretary of Defense under President Truman. He won the Nobel Peace Prize for his plan to rebuild Europe after WWII.
George C. Marshall
Who was the main Chinese Communist revolutionary (even before the start of World War II) and the founding father of the People's Republic of China? He governed as Chairman of the Communist Party of China until 1976.
Mao Zedong
He was one of the main young leaders (starting in his collegiate years at Howard) of the Civil Rights group, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). He was also known as Kuame Ture.
Stokley Carmichael
Who was the American state department official that was accused as a communist spy in the “Pumpkin Papers” scandal? He was sentenced to five years in jail for perjury.
Alger Hiss
Who was the 37th U.S. President that pledged to bring the Vietnam War to honorable end through Vietnamization but failed to do so? He was respected for his diplomacy but was forced to resign due to Watergate.
Richard M. Nixon
Who was the main leader of the communist revolution in Cuba in from 1953 to 1959? He was the leader of communist Cuba (as prime minister and president) from 1959 to 2008.
Fidel Castro
What was invasion to overthrow the Cuban communists failed under CIA Director Allen Dulles and President John F. Kennedy’s leadership in 1961? The majority of the casualties were Cuban exiles known as the DRF.
Bay of Pigs Invasion
What was the first war (Cold War hot zone) America got involved in trying to contain communism between 1950 to 1953? The armistice (cease fire) line was drawn along the 38 degree parallel north latitude.
Korean War
What was Secretary of State John Foster Dulles and President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s policy (adopted in 1954) toward the Soviet Union in case the threat of nuclear war became a reality in the U.S. during the Cold War?
Massive Retaliation
In what event did American POWs (prisoners of war) suffer brutal treatment by the Japanese during World War II after the surrender of the Philippines between March and April of 1942?
Bataan Death March
What North African battle during World War II was a major British victory (and turning point in that campaign) led by Bernard Montgomery in 1942? It prevented Nazi Germany from seizing Egypt and the Suez Canal.
Battle of El Alamein (2nd Battle of El Alamein)
What was the U.S. aid program to help rebuild Europe after World War II and to prevent the spread of communism in war torn Europe? It is still considered one of America’s great pieces of foreign policy after WWII.
Marshall Plan
What country's political and military leaders were put through international military tribunals in the Nuremberg Trials for war crimes during World War II?
Nazi Germany
Who was the “poster woman” for all American working women during World War II? She was a factional character created by J. Howard Miller and Norman Rockwell. She was a symbol for millions of women that worked in WWII.
Rosie the Riveter
What Pacific WWII battle (June 3-7, 1942) was a major American victory (turning point in the Pacific) that was an Aircraft Carrier based battle? It was fought to hold a strategic U.S. island (or atoll) in the Pacific.
Battle of Midway
A pivotal WWII air campaign (July 10 – October 31, 1940) where the Royal Air Force (RAF) defended the UK against the German Luftwaffe, preventing a Nazi invasion.
Battle of Britain
What turning point WWII battle in Europe was the largest amphibious (water to land) assault (known as Operation Overlord) in military history launched on June 6, 1944?
Normandy Invasion (D-Day)
What was the 1967 landmark Supreme Court case that unanimously ruled state bans on interracial marriage unconstitutional?
Loving v. Virginia
What Supreme Court Decision (on May 17, 1954) overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and desegregated all public schools in the United States?
Brown v. Board
Who was the Communist dictator (Premier) of the Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.) during World War II? He led the Soviet Union until his death in 1953.
Joseph Stalin
Who was the founder of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference? He was one of the main leaders of the modern American Civil Rights Movement throughout the 1950's and 1960's. He gave the, “I have a dream" speech.
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.