Chapter 1 - Introduction to Psychology

Objectives of the Session

• To acquire a thorough understanding of psychology as a science and its methodology in studying human behavior.

• To determine the significance of psychology as a behavioral science.

• To trace the development of psychology as a discipline.

• To assess the contributions of various schools of thought in psychology's evolution.

• To appreciate the benefits of studying psychology as a behavioral science.

Understanding Psychology

• Definition: Psychology derives from Greek words "psyche" (soul) and "logos" (study), defining it as the study of human behavior and mental processes.

• Scientific Approach: Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes based on principles and facts.

• Methodology: The scientific study employs research, evidence, and testable ideas, distinguishing psychology from pseudoscience.

Goals and Objectives of Psychology

• Describe: Understand various human behaviors.

• Predict: Forecast behavior based on patterns.

• Explain: Clarify why behaviors occur.

• Control: Apply knowledge to influence behavior and improve outcomes.

Importance of Studying Psychology

• Requirement for social science course.

• Self-awareness and understanding others.

• Insight into personal and external influences on behavior.

• Potential exploration of psychology as a major.

Differences between Psychology and Psychiatry

• Clinical Psychology (PhD): Focus on psychotherapy for treating psychological disorders.

• Psychiatry (M.D.): Medical specialty that can prescribe medication and use psychotherapy.

Careers in Psychology

1. Clinical Psychology

2. Counseling Psychology

3. Experimental Psychology

4. Behavioral Neuroscience/Biological Psychology

5. Comparative Psychology

6. Developmental Psychology

7. Social Psychology

8. Personality Psychology

9. School and Educational Psychology

10. Industrial and Organizational Psychology

11. Psychometrics

12. Abnormal Psychology

13. Forensic Psychology

14. Peace Psychology

15. Cognitive Psychology

Understanding Pseudo-Psychology

• Definition: Pseudo-psychology refers to practices that lack scientific basis (e.g., astrology, psychic readings).

• Characteristics:

  • Does not adhere to scientific methods.

  • Often based on anecdotal evidence rather than rigorous testing.

Misconceptions in Psychology

• Stereotyping leads to faulty generalizations about individuals.

• Critical listening and observing aids in understanding behavior.

The Scientific Procedure in Psychology

1. State the problem.

2. Formulate hypotheses (null and alternative).

3. Gather data/findings.

4. Test hypotheses.

5. Draw conclusions and make recommendations.

Research Types in Psychology

• Basic Research: Expands theoretical knowledge.

  • Example: Studying memory's nature.

• Applied Research: Solves practical problems.

  • Example: Improving memory retention techniques.

Methods of Research in Psychology

• Naturalistic Observation: Observing behavior in natural settings.

• Surveys/Questionnaires: Structured data collection from samples using pre-tested questions.

• Case Studies: In-depth exploration of an individual's life to assess their conditions.

• Archival Research: Analyzing historical data for behavioral patterns.

• Experimental Method: Investigating cause-effect relationships between variables.

• Correlation Method: Evaluating relationships between two or more variables.

Human Behavior

• Defined as any observable response or reaction, which can be:

  • Covert or overt

  • Rational or irrational

  • Conscious or unconscious

  • Simple or complex

• Emphasis on measurable behavior for psychological study.