Political Viewpoints and Implicit Bias

Liberal: A left-leaning viewpoint that favors more government control and greater societal responsibility.
Conservative: A right-leaning viewpoint that favors less government control and greater individual responsibility.
Radical: Extreme left-leaning ideology that demands change, utilizing force if necessary. Examples include the Communist Party and anarchists.
Reactionary: Far-right ideology that clings to tradition and strongly resists change, utilizing force if necessary. An example includes white nationalists.

Bias: A prejudice in favor of or against a person or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair.
Implicit Bias: Unconscious bias held by an individual.
- Affinity Bias: Connection to those who are similar to ourselves.
- Perception Bias: Stereotypes and assumptions made about certain groups.
- Halo Effect: Projecting positive qualities onto people without knowing them based on their appearance or traits.
- Confirmation Bias: Looking to confirm one's own opinions and pre-existing ideas.
White Privilege: Advantages of a white person based on their race, characterized by racial inequality and injustice.
Systemic Racism: Racism that is built into the structure of institutions and the law.

Social Institutions: Key societal structures that influence identity and ideology, including:
- Family institutions
- Church
- School
Government Institutions:
- Federal, state, and local governments
- Foundational legal frameworks, such as the Constitution and the Bill of Rights
Presence in Daily Life: Interactions with government and social institutions occur throughout daily routines, such as:
- Brushing teeth
- Utilizing crosswalks and obeying traffic lights
- Watching the news
- Attending school, eating school food, and speaking in class

Keep Order and Provide Security: Establishing laws, maintaining the justice system, and running law enforcement.
Provide Services: Creating infrastructure and running schools, public safety, and social programs, all funded through taxes.
Public Policy: Formulating financial decisions and directing foreign relations (such as determining geopolitical stances regarding Russia or Ukraine).

Levels of Government (Federalism):
- Federal level
- State level
- Local level (County and Municipal)
Geographic Systems of Government:
- Unitary System: Power is concentrated entirely at the national level. Examples include Britain, France, and Japan.
- Federal System: Power is divided between national and local levels. Examples include Mexico, the U.S., Germany, and India.
- Confederal System: A voluntary association of autonomous states.
Executive-Legislative Systems:
- Presidential System: The president is elected separately from the legislative branch.
- Parliamentarian System: The Prime Minister comes from the political party that holds the most seats in the legislature.

Democratic Governments: Operating under the principle of "majority rule".
- Representative Democracy: A system in which citizens elect others to make policy decisions. All modern democracies are republics.
- Republic: A government framework where citizens choose others to make decisions.
- Constitutional Monarchy: A system featuring a monarch whose power is limited by a constitution. Examples include the UK, Spain, and Denmark.
Authoritarian Governments: Systems where power is held by a person or group not accountable to the people.
- Dictatorships: Rule by an absolute leader not accountable to the populace.
- Totalitarian Rule: Complete control over all aspects of public and private life by the state.
- Oligarchies: Government controlled by a small elite group.
- Theocracies: Governments based on religion.

Public Sector: Institutions controlled by the government and funded by taxpayers.
- Examples: Public schools, libraries, public safety agencies, and social programs.
Private Sector: Institutions, businesses, or organizations controlled and funded by private individuals or businesses.
- Examples: Corporations, private schools, and churches.