Week 3 - Cellular Form and Function
Chapter 03: Cellular Form and Function
Page 1: Introduction
Title: Chapter 03 Cellular Form and Function
Author: Kenneth S. Saladin
Edition: Tenth edition
Publisher: McGraw Hill LLC
Trademark: "Because learning changes everything.®"
Page 2: Concepts of Cellular Structure
Expected Learning Outcomes:
Discuss the development and modern tenets of the cell theory.
Outline the major components of a cell.
Page 3: Development of the Cell Theory
Cytology: The scientific study of cells.
Cell Theory Generalizations:
All organisms are composed of cells and cell products.
The cell is the simplest structural and functional unit of life.
An organism’s structure and functions are due to activities of cells.
Cells arise only from preexisting cells.
Page 4: Basic Components of a Cell
Major Components:
Plasma Membrane: Surrounds the cell, defines boundaries, composed of proteins and lipids.
Cytoplasm: Contains organelles, cytoskeleton, and inclusions (stored or foreign particles) in a gel-like substance called cytosol or intracellular fluid (ICF).
Extracellular Fluid (ECF): Located outside the cell, includes interstitial fluid, blood plasma, lymph, and cerebrospinal fluid.
Page 5: A Representative Cell
Key Components:
Microvilli, desmosomes, fat droplets, secretory vesicles, nucleus, and various organelles (mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, lysosome).
Cytoskeletal Elements: Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules are part of the cell's internal structure supporting cell shape and movement.
Page 6: The Cell Surface
Expected Learning Outcomes:
Describe the structure and functions of the plasma membrane components, including lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.
Describe the composition and functions of the glycocalyx coating on cell surfaces.
Detail the structure and functions of microvilli, cilia, flagella, and pseudopods.
Page 7: The Plasma Membrane
Functions: Defines cell boundaries; composed mostly of phospholipids.
Key Feature: Selective permeability allows certain substances to enter or exit the cell.
Page 8: Membrane Lipids
Lipid Composition:
Phospholipids: Make up 75% of membrane lipids; arranged in a bilayer with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
Cholesterol: Makes up 20% of membrane lipids; stabilizes the membrane.
Page 9: Glycolipids
Glycolipids: Comprise 5% of membrane lipids; they contribute to the glycocalyx, a carbohydrate coating on the cell's surface.
Page 10: Structure of the Plasma Membrane
Components Include:
Phospholipid bilayer
Membrane proteins (transmembrane and peripheral)
Glycoproteins and glycolipids involved in cell recognition and signaling.
Page 11: Membrane Proteins
Classification:
Transmembrane proteins extend across the membrane.
Peripheral proteins are attached to one membrane face.
Page 12: Transmembrane Proteins
Structure: Consist of hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, allowing for various functions within the membrane.
Page 13: Functions of Membrane Proteins
Receptors: Bind chemical signals.
Enzymes: Catalyze reactions and process signals.
Channel Proteins: Allow hydrophilic substances and water to pass in and out of the cell; can be gated or leak channels.
Page 14: Carrier Proteins
Types of Carrier Proteins:
Pumps: Use ATP to move substances against their concentration gradient.
Carriers: Bind solutes and transport them across the membrane.
Page 15: Membrane Functions 1
An overview of various functions of membrane proteins, including their roles in signaling and transport.
Page 16: Membrane Functions 2
Continuation of membrane protein functions, emphasizing their diverse roles within the cell membrane.
Page 17: The Glycocalyx
Description: A fuzzy coating of carbohydrates on the cell surface, unique to every individual, important for protection and immunity.
Page 18: Extensions of the Cell Surface: Microvilli
Function: Increase surface area for absorption; commonly found on absorptive cells.
Page 19: Microvilli and Glycocalyx
Illustration: Microvilli structure and its connection to the glycocalyx.
Page 20: Extensions of the Cell Surface: Cilia
Cilia: Hair-like structures involved in cell movement and environmental monitoring. Different types (motile and non-motile) serve various functions in sensory reception and movement.
Page 21: Cilia Overview
Detailed view of cilia structure and function.
Page 22: Ciliary Action
Illustrates ciliary motion involved in moving mucus in the respiratory tract.
Page 23: Flagella
Flagellum: Whiplike structure for locomotion; exemplified by sperm cells.
Page 24: Pseudopods
Function: Used for locomotion and capturing particles by cells like amoebae.
Page 25: Membrane Transport Overview
Learning Outcomes:
Define selectively permeable membranes and describe mechanisms of transport.
Page 26: Introduction to Membrane Transport
Membrane transport mechanisms categorized as passive (no ATP required) or active (requires ATP).
Passive Mechanisms: Include filtration, diffusion, and osmosis.
Active Mechanisms: Include active transport and vesicular transport.
Page 27: Filtration
Definition: Movement of particles through a membrane driven by physical pressure; essential for nutrient delivery.
Page 28: Filtration Through Blood Capillaries
Image Example: Illustrates how filtration occurs in capillaries.
Page 29: Simple Diffusion
Definition: Movement of particles from higher to lower concentration due to molecular motion. Occurs without a membrane.
Page 30: Factors Affecting Diffusion
Influencing factors include temperature, molecular weight, concentration gradient, surface area, and permeability.
Page 31: Osmosis
Definition: Water movement through a selectively permeable membrane; aided by aquaporins. Discusses implications of osmotic imbalances.
Page 32: Osmosis Illustrated
Demonstrates the net flow of water through a membrane.
Page 33: Osmolarity and Tonicity (1)
Osmolarity: Total osmotic concentration of solutes in body fluids; critical for cell volume regulation.
Tonicity: Effect of a solution on cell volume.
Page 34: Tonicity Explained
Discussion on hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions and their effects on cells (swelling, shrinking, or no effect).
Page 35: Effects of Tonicity on RBCs
Visual representations of the effects of various tonicities on red blood cells.
Page 36: More Tonicity Effects
Continuation of the visual explanation of tonicity effects.
Page 37: Carrier-Mediated Transport (1)
Describes the role of carrier proteins in selective transport, highlighting their specificity and saturation.
Page 38: Carrier Saturation Graph
Presentation of a graph illustrating transport saturation among carriers.
Page 39: Carrier-Mediated Transport (2)
Outlines three types of carrier proteins (uniport, symport, antiport) and examples for each type.
Page 40: Mechanisms of Carrier-Mediated Transport
Discusses facilitated diffusion, primary and secondary active transport in more detail.
Page 41: Facilitated Diffusion Illustrated
Steps illustrating how facilitated diffusion works through a carrier protein.
Page 42: Secondary Active Transport
Describes sodium-glucose transporter mechanism and its reliance on sodium-potassium pump activity.
Page 43: Sodium-Potassium Pump
Explained as an example of primary active transport crucial for concentration gradients across membranes.
Page 44: Importance of the Sodium-Potassium Pump
Illustrates how the pump maintains lower sodium and higher potassium levels in the cytoplasm.
Page 45: The Sodium–Potassium Pump Illustrated
Visual aids showing how the sodium-potassium pump operates.
Page 46: Vesicular Transport (1)
Overview of how vesicles transport large materials into and out of the cell through endocytosis and exocytosis.
Page 47: Phagocytosis, Digestion, and Exocytosis
Provides an illustration of the process of phagocytosis and the role of lysosomes in digestion.
Page 48: Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis (1)
Illustrates how receptors facilitate the selective uptake of extracellular molecules.
Page 49: Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis (2)
Describes the clustering of receptors during endocytosis and the formation of a coated vesicle.
Page 50: Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis (3)
Further elaborates on the vesicle formation through coating and encapsulation of extracellular substances.
Page 51: Transcytosis and Exocytosis
Transcytosis: Movement of materials across the cell. Exocytosis: Release of materials from cells, with examples of its biological importance.
Page 52: Visual on Transcytosis
Demonstrates transcytosis occurring within capillary endothelial cells.
Page 53: Visual on Exocytosis
Depicts the secretory vesicle action and fusion with the plasma membrane to release contents.
Page 54: The Cell Interior
Expected Learning Outcomes:
Describe the components and functions of the cytoskeleton and organelles within the cell.
Page 55: Cytosol and Cytoskeleton
Cytosol: Viscous fluid containing various cellular components.
Cytoskeleton: Provides structural support and aids in intracellular transport.
Page 56: Cytoskeleton in Action
Depicts the cytoskeleton components like microfilaments and their roles.
Page 57: Visual Representation of Cytoskeleton
A focused view of various cytoskeletal elements and their arrangements within the cell.
Page 58: Components of the Cytoskeleton
Details of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules, including their functions and structural characteristics.
Page 59: Organelles Defined
Organelles: Internal structures with specialized functions; classified as membranous (e.g. nucleus, mitochondria) or non-membranous (e.g. ribosomes).
Page 60: The Nucleus
Structure and Function: Largest organelle, surrounded by nuclear envelope containing pores and structural proteins (lamina). Contains genetic material (chromatin) and nucleolus (site of ribosome production).
Page 61: The Nucleus in EM
Electron microscopy image displays detailed structures within the nucleus.
Page 62: Structure of the Nucleus
Visual details of nuclear components and their arrangement.
Page 63: Overview of the Nucleus
Illustrates nuclear pores and associated structures that control material entry/exit.
Page 64: Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Definition: Network of membranous channels (cisterns).
Types: Note difference between rough (RER) and smooth ER (SER) regarding their functions and ribosome presence.
Page 65: RER and SER Overview
Visual representation of RER and SER functions within the cell.
Page 66: RER and SER Components
Structural details regarding RER and SER observed through microscopy.
Page 67: Ribosomes
Function: Sites of protein synthesis, present in many cellular locations including rough ER and cytosol.
Page 68: Golgi Complex
Structure consists of membranous stacks (cisterns) involved in protein modification and packaging, interacting with ER.
Page 69: Golgi Complex Illustrated
Electron microscopy image displaying the Golgi apparatus.
Page 70: Lysosomes
Function: Membrane-bound compartments with digestive enzymes for breaking down various biomolecules.
Page 71: Peroxisomes
Function: Similar to lysosomes but specialize in oxidation reactions, abundant in liver and kidney cells.
Page 72: Lysosome and Peroxisome Visualization
EM images of lysosomes and peroxisomes to observe their structure.
Page 73: Mitochondria
Function: Site of ATP production, exhibits morphologies from spherical to filamentous.
Page 74: Mitochondrion Overview
Electron microscopy image highlighting mitochondrial structure and function.
Page 75: Centrioles
Structure: Short cylindrical structures made of microtubules; crucial for cell division.
Page 76: Centrioles in EM
Electron micrographs showing arrangement and orientation of centrioles.
Page 77: Inclusions
Defined as storage sites for various substances, do not have a membrane, and are not essential for cell survival.
Page 78: Conclusion
Book title repeated with copyright notices.
Page 79: Accessibility Content
Details regarding readability and accessibility for all users.
Page 80: Common Cell Shapes
Overview of various cell shapes (e.g., squamous, cuboidal) and their significance.
Page 81: Cell Surface Area and Volume Relationship
Explanation of how cell size affects surface area and volume, illustrated with calculations.
Page 82: Magnification vs Resolution
Comparison of visual clarity in microscopy.
Page 83: A Representative Cell Overview
Detailed descriptions of various cellular components within a typical cell structure.
Page 84: Plasma Membrane Illustrated
Representations of the structures surrounding the cell and their function in defining cell boundary.
Page 85: Detailed Plasma Membrane Structure
Discussion of the phospholipid bilayer and protein components.
Page 86: Transmembrane Proteins Visualization
Passive mechanisms of transmembrane protein functions in the membrane.
Page 87: Membrane Protein Functions 1
Overview of receptors and their signaling roles.
Page 88: Membrane Protein Functions 2
Continuation detailing other roles of membrane proteins, including adhesion and identity markers.
Page 89: Second-Messenger System
Illustrated steps outlining how a chemical signal is transduced through the cell membrane.
Page 90: Glycocalyx and Microvilli in EM
Visualization of the surface appearance of cells with glycoprotein and microvilli structures.
Page 91: Cilia Visualization
Description and illustration of cilia alongside microvilli, highlighting their structural features.
Page 92: Cilia Structure Details
More detailed cross-sectional views of cilia components and their arrangement to aid in movement.
Page 93: Ciliary Action Detailed
Description of ciliary movement mechanics, highlighting directional action.
Page 94: Extensions of the Cell Surface 5
Illustrative examples of pseudopods in different types of cells engaged in locomotion.
Page 95: Filtration in Capillaries
Mechanistic representation of how filtration occurs at capillary walls.
Page 96: Osmosis Visuals
Illustrative depiction of osmotic movement across a selectively permeable membrane.
Page 97: Carrier Saturation Overview
Graphical representation of transport maximum as saturation increases in carrier-mediated transport.
Page 98: Facilitated Diffusion Steps
Stepwise illustration of facilitated diffusion through a carrier protein.
Page 99: Sodium-Glucose Transport Mechanics
Overview of how sodium and glucose are transported in cells, emphasizing secondary transport.
Page 100: Sodium-Potassium Pump Functionality
Illustration detailing the movements of sodium and potassium across a membrane by the pump.
Page 101: Phagocytosis Process
Sequential illustrations showing phagocytosis, detailing the uptake and digestion of materials.
Page 102: Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis Mechanics
Illustrative depiction of receptor-mediated uptake involving clustering of receptors.
Page 103: Coated Pit Formation
Illustration of U-shaped curvature during receptor-mediated endocytosis showing clathrin involvement.
Page 104: Coated Vesicle Formation
Visualization of the pathway leading to the formation of a clathrin-coated vesicle following endocytosis.
Page 105: Transcytosis Mechanism
Detailed representation of transcytosis from the capillary lumen to interstitial tissues.
Page 106: Exocytosis Process
Detailed steps showing the release of materials through exocytosis and the mechanics involved.
Page 107: The Cytoskeleton (1)
Illustration demonstrating the structural organization of the cytoskeleton and its cellular interactions.
Page 108: The Cytoskeleton (2)
Further visualization of the cellular organization showing functional interactions among organelles.
Page 109: Microtubule Structure
Detailed representation of microtubule composition and its function in the cytoskeleton.
Page 110: Nucleus in EM
Electron microscopy representation focusing on nuclear structures and functions.
Page 111: Nucleus Structure Overview
Detailed view of the components within and surrounding the nucleus exhibiting their interactions.
Page 112: Endoplasmic Reticulum Visuals (2)
Comparison imagery between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum in function and structure.
Page 113: Endoplasmic Reticulum Comprehensive View
Enlarged view of the connectedness between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Page 114: Golgi Complex Overview
Visualization depicting Golgi apparatus functionality in protein processing and packaging.
Page 115: Lysosome vs. Peroxisome
Comparison of lysosomes and peroxisomes, detailing structural features and functionalities.
Page 116: Protein Degradation by Proteasome
Visual representation of the proteasome process in protein degradation.
Page 117: Mitochondrion Structure and Function
Detailed organizational structure of mitochondria, including inner and outer membranes.
Page 118: Centrioles in EM
Illustrations showing the structure of centrioles and their role in cell division.