Exam 1

Study Guide for Exam 1 

Foundations, Planes, and Axes

Kinesiology and Body Mechanics

  • Kinesiology: Study of motion or human movement.

  • Anatomical Kinesiology: Study of musculoskeletal and musculotendinous systems.

  • Structural Kinesiology: Focus on muscles involved in movement.

  • Importance: Essential for physical therapy, sports medicine, and biomechanics.

Reference Positions

  • Anatomical Position: Upright, facing forward, feet parallel, palms forward.

  • Fundamental Position: Similar but with palms facing the body.

Reference Lines

Mid-axillary, mid-sternal, anterior/posterior axillary, mid-clavicular, scapula, vertebral lines.

Directional Terminology

  • Inferior/Superior: Below/above a structure.

  • Lateral/Medial: Away from/toward midline.

  • Anterior/Posterior: Front/back of the body.

  • Distal/Proximal: Away/near point of origin.

Alignment Variations

  • Femoral Anteversion/Retroversion: Inward/outward toe orientation.

  • Kyphosis/Lordosis/Scoliosis: Curvature variations of the spine.

  • Recurvatum: Knee hyperextension.

  • Valgus/Varus: Knock-knees/bowlegs.

Planes and Axes of Motion

  • Sagittal Plane (Frontal Axis): Flexion/extension (e.g., bicep curls).

  • Frontal Plane (Sagittal Axis): Side-to-side movements (e.g., jumping jacks).

  • Transverse Plane (Vertical Axis): Rotational movements (e.g., spinal rotation).

Bones and Joints

Skeletal Divisions

  • Axial: 80 bones (skull, spine, rib cage).

  • Appendicular: 126 bones (limbs and girdles).

Types of Bones

Long (humerus), short (carpals), flat (scapula), irregular (vertebrae), sesamoid (patella).

Bony Features

Diaphysis, cortex, periosteum, medullary cavity, epiphysis, articular cartilage.

Bone Properties

  • Cortical: Dense, withstands stress.

  • Cancellous: Spongy, withstands strain.

  • Wolff’s Law: Bones remodel under stress.

  • Davis’s Law: Soft tissues lengthen/shorten with tension.

Joint Classification

  • Fibrous: Immovable.

  • Cartilaginous: Slightly movable.

  • Synovial (Diarthrodial): Freely movable (e.g., hinge, ball and socket).

Movements

  • Physiological Movements: Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation.

  • Accessory Movements: Roll, glide, spin.

Muscles

Shape and Fiber Arrangements

  • Parallel: Greater movement range (e.g., biceps).

  • Pennate: Greater force production (e.g., deltoid).

Muscle Properties

Irritability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity.

Muscle Terminology

Origin, insertion, tendon, gaster.

Muscle Contractions

  • Isometric: No change in length.

  • Isotonic: Length changes (concentric/eccentric).

  • Isokinetic: Constant speed.

Roles of Muscles

Agonist (prime mover), antagonist (opposite mover), stabilizer, synergist, neutralizer.

Neuromuscular

Cranial Nerves (Detailed)

  1. Olfactory (I): Smell.

  2. Optic (II): Vision.

  3. Oculomotor (III): Eye movements, pupil constriction.

  4. Trochlear (IV): Eye movement (downward/lateral).

  5. Trigeminal (V): Facial sensation, chewing.

  6. Abducens (VI): Lateral eye movement.

  7. Facial (VII): Facial expressions, taste (anterior tongue).

  8. Vestibulocochlear (VIII): Hearing, balance.

  9. Glossopharyngeal (IX): Taste (posterior tongue), swallowing.

  10. Vagus (X): Throat muscles, parasympathetic organ control.

  11. Accessory (XI): Head and shoulder movement.

  12. Hypoglossal (XII): Tongue movement.

Spinal Nerves

31 pairs: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal.

Proprioception and Kinesthesis

Proprioception (subconscious posture control), kinesthesis (conscious body awareness).

Muscle Tension Relationships

Greatest tension at 100% to 130% resting length.

Reciprocal Inhibition: Antagonists relax when agonists contract.
Active and Passive Insufficiency

Active (too shortened to contract), passive (too stretched to allow movement).

Biomechanics

Definitions

Biomechanics (study of movement mechanics), kinetics (forces), kinematics (motion).

Levers

  • First-Class: Fulcrum between force and resistance (e.g., head on neck).

  • Second-Class: Resistance between fulcrum and force (e.g., standing on toes).

  • Third-Class: Force between fulcrum and resistance (e.g., bicep curl).

Balance and Equilibrium

  • Static Equilibrium: Body at rest.

  • Dynamic Equilibrium: Body in motion with balance.

  • Stability Factors: Large base of support, low center of gravity, increased body weight, friction.