Unit 1-3 Ap world

NG(dynasty-ruling family) CHINA :     Confucianism: philosophy viewed the world as hierarchical(family looked to the father who looked to the gov’t, etc. ) :  everyone submits to proper order =  stability & order.    *influencedcultural tradition-  FILIAL PIETY (respect for parents)  

* foot-binding:   high status symbol.   also showed that women were subservient to men.

*BUREAUCRACY:  people work for the gov’t -  carry out/enforce the will of the emperor.   CONTINUITY:  CIVIL SERVICE EXAM ( tocreate a meritocracy rather than heredity: test was based on Confucian teaching)  

** religion:   continuity-  Buddhism(originally from India) shaped Chinese society :   SYNCRETISM (blending of two ideas to create a new idea) -   ZEN/CHEN BUDDHISM:  mix of Buddhist ideas with DAOISM(yin/yang) :  what was different? Focused on meditation

***economy:  CHAMPA RICE (originally from Vietnam) fast ripening rice/ harvested 3 times a year = more food, more PEOPLE.    

Completion of the GRAND CANAL:  connected different parts of China through trade.

TRIBUTE SYSTEM: neighboring states paid $ or food to honor emperor.  

2. Simultaneously,  ABBASID CALIPHATE declining = resulted in the rise of new ISLAMIC states.  , intellectual innovations.  

a. ISLAM:  continuity -  formed in 7^th century.  based on prophet Muhammad/  Abrahamictraditions- Judaism/Christianity.   5 pillars-  1 god, daily prayer, charity/alms, fasting during Ramadan, hajj to Mecca.  sects:  SUNNIS  & SHIITES/SHIA  

New Islamic states:  DELHI SULTANATE (Turkic, not Arab or Persian) took over Northern India   &   MAMLUK SULTANTE (Egypt, also Turkic)   = commonality is ISLAM ( spread through military conquest & trade/merchants)

SUFISM:  mystical version of Islam – known for poetry  

Innovations:  algebra & trigonometry ,  astronomy- calendar

Transfers of culture:  Muslims in Spain translated Greek classics into Arabic, transferred Indian math into Europe(Arabic numerals  1, 2, 4)  & paper making from China to Europe

Dar-al Islam:  people connected throughout the world through ISLAM, not nationalism

3.SOUTH(India) & SOUTHEAST ASIA  RELIGION IS THE GLUE Hinduism & Buddhism & Islam

Delhi Sultanate(muslim) controlling a HINDU majority.   some converted to Islam for social mobility ( to escape the Hindu caste system)  & to avoid the jizya (tax on non-Muslims) , easier to trade (common language of Arabic- language of Qur’an)  

Bhakti movement(India): mystical Hinduism:  compared to Sufism ,

SOUTHEAST ASIA(Laos, Cambodia, Indonesia...)  TRADE:  controlling the sea routes.  

4. AMERICAS:  isolated from the global trade:  yet built strong states, complex belief systems, architecture (pyramids/ziggurats):    AZTECS/ MEXICA:  Tenochitlan(Mexico City)-  populationof 200,000:   TRIBUTE SYSTEM /  human sacrifice

South America:  INCAS :  Andes MTS.   Mita system: boys 15-50 had to work for gov’t -  construction projects: roads and foot bridges.  

5. AFRICA:    organized in kinship(related) basedcommunities.  trade networks- Trans-Saharan.    ex. Great Zimbabwe – located along Indian Ocean trade- gold, food .   advent of SWHAHILI: blending of Bantu & Arabic.  

Exception:  Ethiopia: Christian:  monumental architecture: large stone churches.    syncretized Christianity (spirits, ancestor veneration)  

5. EUROPE:   POLITICALLY DECENTRALIZED /FEUDALISM - based on land ownership,  CULTURAL CONTINUITY-  Roman Catholic Church

Strong Muslim population in Spain/ small Jewish population-  both impacted European society through trade.  

Manorialism:  life on the manor/village based on feudalism.  peasants/serfs work the land for lords in exchange for protection provided by knights.   agriculture-  3 field system to allow for soil regeneration = food and population explosion.

CHANGES:  MONARCHS began to rise and consolidate their power/ form bureaucracies/ standing armies

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UNIT 2:  1200-1450  same time but through lens of TRADE ROUTES / EXCHANGE

BIG IDEAS  

1. New innovations expanded scope of trade routes/networks ( SILK ROAD, INDIAN OCEAN, TRANS-SAHARAN)

Silk Road & Trans-Saharan= land routes-  luxurygoods(Silk, spices) & light enough be carried by camel/ horse

Indian Ocean = bulk goods(timber, enslaved people, spices, stone statues, cotton/textiles, rice, bananas) , ships could carry more

*innovations in NAVIGATION (what helps you get there):  compass, astrolabe, lateen sail(triangular), camel saddle, Chinese junks(boats)

… in TRADE(what helps you exchange):  caravanserai(safe place to crash for the night), paper money(lighter and easier than coins)

Silk Road-  why the Mongols wanted to take over

*Organized states promoted trade routes

Other than stuff, IDEAS/CULTURE DIFFUSED ( ex. Islam throughout Dar-al Islam-  same language, rules of community) :  Knowledge from Asia to Europe.  

2. States promoted innovation & trade :  Those who were paying attention to trade grew in importance ( China, Mongols, West Africa, Dar-al Islam) :   make it a desirable place and people will want to come there (ex. China building up its university system,  and ex. Mali-  under MANSA MUSA built universities, libraries in TIMBUKTU)  

3. WAIT FOR IT... THE MONGOLS!   took ideas of others- invented the cannon.  /  horseback riding-equestrian skills/ bows and arrows.    

*conquered land but... very tolerant.     ex.  Kublai Khan- leader of Yuan dynasty:  invited Marco Polo to live in the court-  open mind and wanted to learn about the world.    

Adopted Uighur(Muslims in western China) script  

3. Cultural diffusion led states out of their medieval era.  

a. Ex. Compass, lateen sails were used by Europeans to explore Americas.  

BLACK DEATH/ bubonic plague:  spread by the Mongols.  kills 1/3 of Europe in 2 years.  survivors benefited b/c their labor was more valuable with less people around = emergence of middle class.  

CRUSADES:  increase wealth of knowledge of Europeans

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UNIT 3:  1450-1750.   LAND- BASED EMPIRES:    GUNPOWDER

Ex. OTTOMAN EMPIRE:  Turkic , SUNNI ,   1453:  conquered Constantinople(last gasp of the Byzantine Empire) and renamed the city ISTANBUL(modern day Turkey).      

Army:  enslaved Christians -  elite squad called the JANISSARIES

SAFAVIDS- formerly Persian-  SHIITE dynasty:  at odds with SUNNIS(OTTOMANS and MUGHALS)

*army of enslaved Christians

MUGHALS:  South & central Asia -  displaced Delhi Sultanate.  

*AKBAR THE GREAT:  tolerant of all kinds of religious beliefs.  

QING(ching) dynasty:   not ethnically Han Chinese

(timeline-  Yuan dynasty-Ming dynasty- Qing ( MANCHUSof the North)

2. Rulers gained and maintained power:    bureaucracies, art/architecture, tax collection.  

LEGITIMACY  how did they communicate who’s in charge.  

---bureaucracies:  Japan – Tokugawa Shogunate- hired samurai on gov’t payroll.  

OTTOMANS:  Devshirme:  enslaved Christians who worked for the gov’t (collect taxes)  

       ---art:   portrait:  Qing China: rulers depicted Confucian books behind them.  

---architecture:  Europe:  Palace of Versailles-  LouisXIV(14^th) = forced his nobles to live in Palace.,   b/c he ruled through DIVINE RIGHT(his power came from God) , Incans built massive temples

---Americas:  Aztecs: religious ideas: human sacrifice.  

---tax collection:   Americas:  Aztecs had tribute lists,  Mughals- Zamindars( land owners who taxed peasants), & Ottomans (tax farming)

3.belief systems played different roles in land based empires.  *Christianity : 1517  PROTESTANT REFORMATION:  MARTIN LUTHER: Catholic monk who wrote 95 THESES against Church corruption (simony- selling of Church offices,  indulgences- selling of absolution)  :  Martin Luther was excommunicated.  

*printing press spread Luther’s ideas:  result was followers created the LUTHERAN church.  

In response:  Catholic / counter reformation:  reaffirm Catholic doctrine at Council of Trent.  

SIKHISM:  ex. Of syncretism: blending of Islam & Hinduism.  belief in one God but also in reincarnation.