kin week2

 History of physical activity- the history of PA teaches us about changes as well as stability in the past, which helps us understand the past as well as the present and make reasonable decisions for the future 

 Goals of history of physical activity- to identify and describe patterns of change and stability in physical activity in particular societies or cultures during specific periods. To analyze such patterns to explain why certain things occurred 

History research methods: primary and secondary 

Primary: items produced in the time period being studied

Secondary: items produced about the time period being studied 

Ways to critique the sources: 

Authenticity- that something is or isnt genuine 

Know the who, when, and how to validate 

Helpful to have secondary sources to confirm primary ones 

Credibility- that someone knows if something is or isnt genuine 

Know the context, perspective, and editing 

Helpful to have primary sources confirm secondary sources 

Critical periods in american physical activity history 

Pre1840: native american sport and european settlement 

Historical scarcity based on the spoked word of native communities and lack of resources to document or save 

Participation: native americans participated in a variety of physical activities. 

Native sport and games changed w europen contact. Large influence of sport was nationality and religion 

Professions and scholarship: professional and scholarly attention were scant, bc people were just trying to survive 

1840-1900 industrialization and westward expansion: integration of the mind body and spirit. Desire for physical fitness bc muscular christianity 

Participation: gender differences 

Men- vigourus exercise and sport to become leaders 

Women- moderate exercise to not die 

Professions: early practitioners before the 1880

Scholarship: beginning of physical education, late 19th cent. 

Teacher training programs, science based investigations and curriculums, professional programs very common. 

Taught physical activities and instilled positive social values in students thru playing sports 

1900-1950 consumerism, immigration, democratization- sport was americas fav activity in the first half of the 10th cent. 

Nationalism at core of this golden age of sport. 

Sport was at the center of school and college 

Participation- separate sporting competition for men n women

Men- NCAA, MLB, NHL, NFL, NBA, PGA, olympics

Women- AIAW, OLYMPICS, ALL AMERICAN GIRLS PROFESSIONAL BASEBALL LEAGUE 

Professions: creation of new ones

Coaches, athletic trainers, physical therapists 

Scholarship: degree programs in physical education 

Growth of research and lab work 

1950-present electronic communication and globalization - enthusiasm as participants and spectators exploded in second half of 20th cent. For a widening array of sport n exercise 

Participation: gender equality w title IX

Health shift 

Increase in outdoor recreation 

professions : growth in discipline of kin led to an expansion in the number of variety of professions 

Professional associations, certifications, and curriculum grew 

Scholarship: growth of scholarly subdisciplines 

Sociology research methods: 

Survey: involving questionnaires 

Interviewing: using focus groups 

Thematic analysis: content or textual analysis 

Ethnography: immersing into the culture 

Societal analysis: complex way of creating theories 

Goals of sociology of physical acvitvity in kin: look at the larger effects of physical activity in understanding society n life. Identify n recognize patterns and change 

Gender: set of norms or expectations about how we should behave that are linked to societal understanding of sexuality and procreation, usually w religious undertones 

Title IX: more women in sports, societal perceptions of gender appropriate physical activities 

Leadership- decrease in percent of women coaching girls and women teams 

Ethnic group is a group of people who share important and distinct cultural traditions 

A race is a group of people who are defined by society as different from others on the basis of genetically inherited traits. Traits we select. It is not a natural or biological category or difference 

Racial stereotyping- media portrayal and racial identity 

Participation- african american representation leads to neg assumptions 

Stacking 

Leadership- low proportion of african americans coaches at elite levels relative to the number od players 

Cultural expressions: deception of african american boys concerning likelihood of becoming a prof athlete

Stacking- unusually distribution of white and black athlete in certain sport positions that cannot be explained by random distribution 

Centrality theory- white people are typically seen the middle or center of team 

Role modeling - young athletes are likely to be drawn to positions they see their respective race 

Positional segregation- black athletes are pushed into high power and high turn over positions 

Socioeconomic status- social positon is based on wealth, education, and occupational prestige 

Participation- types n amounts of physical activity vary among people at different socioeconomic levels 

Upper class- play sport to demonstrate wealth w mostly individualized sports 

Middle class- play sport to develop character and connectedness with a mix of individual and team sport 

Working class- play sport for community and team sports are popular bc it can accommodate more people