physical rebuilding - who pays? workers?; hostility from south - forced back together, military present; former slaves - where to live? where to work? segregation, education, voting problems; what to do with Confed. leaders- arrested, go free, be allowed in power?

what is the term for free blacks/african americans?

freedmen

what was attitude of many former Confederates at first?

didn't want to swear oath of allegiance to the Union

what was the freedman's bureau?

protect freemen and educate them - make sure they were treated right and got jobs

what did one freeman ask for from from his former master?

11k dollars

main motive for freedmen to get educated?

able to vote + read the Bible - get better jobs

what were the black codes?

(Jim Crow Laws) they were laws among new Southern regimes to regulate what blacks could do - mocked ideal of freedom

what was the 14th Amendment?

affirmed freedmen rights - gave protection and more equality -if born and raised in US they were US citizens

what was 15th Amendment?

gave all people (especially freemen) the right to vote as long as they could read

who were the redeemers?

white southerners usually democratic that wanted white supremacy

who were the carpetbaggers?

northerners who came down, some to genuinely help, but most to make profit - get high govt jobs by getting freedmen support and then forget abt them when in office only cared abt being rich

what was the ku Klux klan?

a group of white southerners trying to intimidate freedmen

what did they do?

act like ghosts(sometimes freedmen were superstitious), murder, hang nooses in trees, put burning crosses in yards

what was Johnson's plan for reconstruction in the South?

lenient - only 10% swear oath of allegiance, he was democratic

who disagreed with him, why?

Radical Republicans, they wanted the South to pay for what they did and wanted to pass bills, but Johnson thought the bills were too harsh and unconstitutional - vetoed

what happened?

congress passed the bill without his support with 2/3 majority

what was the plan?

majority plan - admit new states, readmit southern states, determine senatorial credentials

what happened to Johnson?

tried to impeach him

why wasn't he impeached?

Edmund G. Ross did not vote against him

who was Ross?

newly appointed senator, radical republican, did not like Johnson

what did he do?

everyone in his party voted that Johnson was guilty, but he voted not guilty

why did he do this?

the trial was full of corruption, lies, bribery, threats and spying - he felt that no matter who, everyone deserved a fair trial; also believed its okay to disagree, doesn't mean you kick them out of office

why was Ross's vote so important?

there could be 6 republicans who didn't vote guilty - no one knew how Ross would vote - when he voted not guilty, the 2/3 majority needed was not achieved

what was the consequence to Ross?

never re-elected, social ostracism, physical attack, near poverty

what was the significance of his actions?

stood on principle, preserved integrity in govt, preserved presidency and constitution

what did Johnson do the rest of his presidency?

he was intimidated, he backed of and let the radicals do whatever they wanted

what was the south like after the war?

desolation everywhere, cities and fields burned, hard to return to old life - houses looted

what were the different ideas on rebuilding? north - create new society, end slavery, make south more like north, end plantation hierarchy - industrialize; south - wanted to keep plantation land, didn't like north trying to remake society

first class men of our town + with the white people right or wrong?

first class... - freedman telling how he was harrassed, threatened and whipped by "first class" men - prestigious men like lawyers and bankers; with the white people - white southerner unhappy with north carpetbagger that came in and took over the whole govt and got rich - not allowing anyone originally from the town into power

waving the bloody shirt?

rep. campaign slogan - taunting south by blaming them for start of war - over exaggeration + logical fallacy

vote as you shot?

vote the way you fought in the war

what were the three R's?

rebellion, rum, romanism

what was the point of this slogan?

fear-mongering - scare them into voting for them

decline of freedmen voting?

yazoo county from 2449 to 7 in 2 years

northern weariness + distractions?

problem of south seemed unresolvable - southern problem let them fix it, still settling West

chief characteristic of Grant's presidency?

corruption - he was a good man and general, but mediocre president and his advisors were bad

what did Thomas Nast do?

political cartoonist in NYC who exposed Boss tweed through cartoons in the paper

controversial election of 1876?

Hayes vs. Tilden, they were very similar in ideas so just criticized each other - results inconclusive - SC, FL, and LA in dispute, govt commission had 8 reps, 7 dems so reps won three states, dems not happy

what did they do to solve this?

compromise of 1877 - hayes remove fed troops from South, allow rep state govts in south to collapse, construct southern transcontinental rr; democrats support hayes and accept 13, 14, 15 amendments

what was the significance of the reconstruction era?

lais essential groundwork for better solutions to come

sharecropping?

white plantation owners having freedmen work on plantations but paying them but not enough that the freedmen could support themselves if they left - not much better than slavery

lynchings?

unofficial hangings usually at night - freemen or carpetbaggers

Plessy vs. Ferguson?

affirmed segregation as long as its "equal"

jackie robinson?

first african american to play in major league baseball - 1947

brown vs. board?

supreme court ruling making segregation illegal - especially schools - 1954

montgomery bus boycott?

white sat in front of bus, blacks in the back, Rosa Parks involves, boycotted all buses - beginnings of civil rights movement

what did the grand review of the union army show?

they used to be men divided by states and towns - maryland men, pennsylvanian men, but now they are american men, national men

what were constitutional questions being asked?

was the constitution outdated and insufficient?

what were factors contributing to the US becoming a world power?

industrial growth and income per capita growing rapidly, good natural resources, growing population - immigration - cheap labor, railroads, invention/innovation - make a living, new tech

what was the significance of railroads?

national economy - order something and have it shipped across continent to you(catalog business), more track than all of Europe, made america "smaller", shipping easier, economic multiplier - benefit all of America, took up 94% of steel industry - huge business

how did railroads change time?

made standardized times zones - knew exactly when train would arrive and leave - no crashes bc of different times

who made the change?

railroad owners, not president

who was Carnegie?

titan of steel industry, pittsburgh, had 1st billion dollar company

Rockefeller?

controlled 90% of oil industry - kerosene, has price at 7 cents - how? he was cutthroat and eliminated all competition

why were presidents relatively insiginificant?

stepped aside and let businesses and industries grow + run things - entrepreneurs were ones driving economy

who was heinz?

entrepreneur from penn, put his ketchup in clear bottles - know what you're actually getting, took care of his workers - classes to educate them, good lighting, classical music during lunch break - very few strikes

how does God view wealth?

it can be good or bad depends on where it is in your priorities and how you use it, and God is more important than wealth, money is just a worldly thing, God is eternal

who was the Statue of Liberty from? why was it given?

france - centennial of independence

who was emma lazarus, what did she do?

immigrant that wrote a poem about the Statue of Liberty - dies before seeing it

characteristic of poem?

sentimental elements - but true

how were immigrants from 1880s to 1913 different?

they were from eastern and southern Europe

how would they typically immigrate?

with a group of people and then they would all settle on the same street for familiarity

what was the biggest change for them?

going from rural farmers, to big city dwellers