UNIT 6: Learning 

==Crashcourse Video:==https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qG2SwE_6uVM

John Locke = Tabula Rasa/Nature vs. Nurture

Associative Learning = learning to connect things or events together (ex. full name means you’re in trouble)

Classical Conditioning = stimulus and response (involuntary)

Operant Conditioning = behavior and consequence (voluntary)

Ivan Pavlov’s Dog Studies tested…= classical conditioning (the association of two stimuli that will elicit the same response for either)

UCS results in = UCR (instinctual)

UCS + CS = UCR (learned)

CS results in = CR (learned)

Robert Rescorla =

  • combines cognitive and behavioral
  • within conditioning, there is a cognitive aspect
  • we process associations differently
  • not all associations are equal

Learned Helplessness = “learned“ that there isn’t a connection between the response and the reinforcer (i.e. classical conditioning doesn’t always work)

Acquisition = creating the association

Extinction = breaking the association

Spontaneous Recovery = quickly regaining association over time

Generalization = responding to similar/specific stimuli

Discrimination = only responding to specific stimuli

Second Order Conditioning = Pavlov’s red light

John B. Watson = Baby Albert Experiment

John Garcia = Aversive Classical Conditioning

  • putting a chemical in an alcoholic’s drink to make them sick, averting them to alcohol
  • studied radiation in mice

Edward Thorndike = Law of Effect

  • behaviors followed by POSITIVE consequences are more likely to be repeated
  • actions that result in unpleasant outcomes are less likely to be repeated

Davis Premack = “Premack Principle“

  • desirable action can be used to reinforce an undesirable one (finish vegetables so you can get dessert)

  Operant Conditioning is in the eye of the beholder

  Skinner = Operant Conditioning

  • reinforcement is more effective in shaping learning than consequences

Positive Punishment = giving unwanted stimuli in response to an unwanted behavior

Negative Punishment = removing wanted stimuli in response to unwanted behavior

Positive Reinforcement = giving desirable stimuli in response to wanted behavior

Negative Reinforcement = removing undesirable stimuli in response to wanted behavior

Continuous Reinforcement = every time the response is made

Partial Reinforcement = reinforcement after a fixed number of times

Variable-ratio schedule (MOST effective) = reinforcement after a varying number of responses

Overjustification Effect = the effect of promising a reward for an already desired activity

  • intrinsic motivation = doing it “for yourself“
  • extrinsic motivation = doing it for a grade or some external reward

Continuous reinforcement results in quicker extinction

Initial Reinforcement = every time there’s a positive behavior there’s a reward for the subject

Social Learning Theory =

  • created by Albert Bandura (Bobo Doll Experiment)
  • people learn through observation
  • reciprocal determinism = a person’s behavior is influenced by personal factors and their environment
  • self-efficacy = belief in one’s own competence