In-Depth Notes on Nationalism

Definition: Nationalism is described as a potent political creed that emphasizes the importance of nations as units of political rule. It has historical implications, such as wars and revolutions, the disintegration of empires, and the creation of new states. Beyond its historical significance, nationalism can also influence contemporary politics, shaping policy decisions, national identity, and public sentiment.

Complex Nature: Nationalism is highly complex and diverse, linked to varying ideological traditions from liberalism to fascism. It can promote unity within a nation, yet also lead to exclusionary practices or conflict with other nations. One must consider the role of nationalism in shaping social divisions, as well as its capacity to adapt to modern challenges such as immigration and multiculturalism.

What Is a Nation?

Terminology Confusion: The term 'nation' is often confused with 'state', 'country', 'ethnic group', and 'race'. For example, the United Nations is an organization of states rather than national populations. Furthermore, nations can exist without a corresponding state, such as the Kurdish nation spread across several countries without a sovereign state.

Characteristic Features:

Cultural Aspects: Nations are characterized by shared language, religion, and history. These common cultural threads help foster a sense of belonging and collective identity among members.

Political Aspects: Members regard themselves as a political community, which differentiates a nation from an ethnic group. This political identity may manifest in demands for self-governance or representation, often leading to political movements or uprisings.

Subjectivity: Ultimately, a nation is defined by its members' view of themselves as part of a nation. This subjective nature means perceptions of national identity can change over time and vary between different social or political contexts.

Nationalism Variants

Cultural vs. Political Nationalism:

Cultural Nationalism: Focuses on ethnic ties and cultural identity, often emphasizing the importance of language and shared traditions (e.g., Welsh nationalism). It may also involve preserving cultural heritage against external influences.

Political Nationalism: Emphasizes civic loyalty and political aspirations rather than ethnicity. It often seeks democratic governance and equality among citizens, transcending ethnic divisions in pursuit of a common national interest.

Key Thinkers in Nationalism

Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803): Emphasized the cultural aspect of nations, arguing that nations grow naturally from cultural identity, traditions, and language (Volksgeist). He contributed to the understanding of folk culture as a foundation of national identity.

Ernest Gellner: Linked nationalism to modernization and industrialization, suggesting that nations emerge from the necessity for cultural cohesion in industrial societies. He posited that education and economic change create a demand for a unified national identity.

Anthony Smith: Challenged Gellner's view by highlighting continuity between modern nations and historical ethnic communities, termed 'ethnies'. Smith's argument emphasizes the importance of historical narratives and memory in understanding nationalism.

Forms of Nationalism

Liberal Nationalism:

Developed during the French Revolution, advocating national self-determination and popular sovereignty. Liberal nationalists often emphasize individual rights and democratic principles within the national framework.

Notably represented by figures like Woodrow Wilson, who emphasized the right of all nations to political freedom, liberal nationalism lays the groundwork for contemporary debates about self-determination in global geopolitics.

Conservative Nationalism:

Evolved later and often portrays nationalism as a unifying force against social change and external threats. Linked to patriotism and historical traditions; examples include British and American forms of nationalism. This variant may resist progressive changes and uphold traditional values in the face of globalization.

Expansionist Nationalism:

Characterized by militaristic and aggressive policies aimed at national glory or imperial ambitions; seen notably during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This type of nationalism often leads to conflicts and wars as nations seek to expand their borders or influence.

Anti-Colonial and Postcolonial Nationalism:

Emerged in the context of colonial domination, advocating for national independence with both political and economic objectives. Often tied to socialist ideologies in developing countries seeking liberation from colonial powers, this strand of nationalism highlights the struggle against imperialism and the importance of sovereignty in post-colonial states.

Current Trends and the Future of Nationalism

Globalization's Impact: Nationalism faces challenges from globalization but has also resurged in response to it, manifesting in movements against immigration and supranational governance. These movements often arise in reaction to perceived threats to cultural identity and economic stability.

Sovereignty vs. Globalization: The strength of nationalism persists, as seen in ongoing independence movements (e.g., Catalonia, Scotland) and reactions to global financial crises and cultural change. The dynamic between national sovereignty and global interconnectedness continues to shape political discourse internationally, challenging the notion of a singular global identity.