diary science

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1. Which state has the highest milk production?

- California

2. Name 4 of the 6 general major milk components.

- Fat, protein, lactose, minerals (ash), water, vitamins

3. What is the temperature of liquid nitrogen?

- Approximately -196 degrees Celsius or -320 degrees Fahrenheit

4. What term describes the return of the uterus to normal function after calving?

- Involution

5. Give two reasons that fore stripping is recommended in teat prep procedures:

- To check for abnormalities or mastitis

- To stimulate milk let-down

6. Name the two gases produced in the rumen?

- Methane and carbon dioxide

7. Inverted milk fat and protein are signs of what condition?

- Homogenization

8. What is the indigestible component of forages called?

- Fiber

9. Name four factors that may influence the quality of a cow’s colostrum.

- Nutrition of the dam

- Management practices

- Health status of the dam

- Time of colostrum collection

10. What is the name of the principal organic acid produced during yogurt manufacturing?

- Lactic acid

11. Name two non-structural carbohydrates found in feedstuffs.

- Sugars and starches

12. Name three reasons for culling a dairy cow from the herd.

- Low milk production

- Reproductive problems

- Health issues

13. What are the two leading causes of death in young calves?

- Diarrhea and respiratory diseases

14. Normal calving should occur within how many hours after labor begins?

- Generally within 12 hours

15. Triglycerides are manufactured in the liver from what precursor?

- Fatty acids and glycerol

16. What is the basic structural unit of proteins?

- Amino acids

17. What are the three of the five critical factors (Five Q) in colostrum management?

- Quality, quantity, quickness, cleanliness, and quietness

18. How much milk (lbs) does it take to make one pound of cheese?

- About 10 pounds of milk

19. Sexed semen is generally best suited for use on which group of dairy animals?

- Heifers

20. Name three types of storage facilities used for silage.

- Silos, silage bags, and silage pits/bunks

21. Forages that are ensiled with too much moisture result in the formation of an undesirable organic acid. What is the four-carbon acid?

- Butyric acid

22. What is the name of the hormone from the fetus that triggers/initiates parturition?

- Prostaglandin

23. Name two immunoglobulins found in colostrum:

- IgG and IgM

24. Name two uses of ultrasound in reproductive management programs.

- Pregnancy diagnosis and monitoring follicular development

25. Name two cheeses that originated in the US.

- Monterey Jack and Colby

26. Maximum feed intake occurs approximately how many weeks after calving?

- Around 9 weeks

27. What hormone is measured in milk to determine pregnancy status?

- Progesterone

28. Name two heat detection aids.

- Tail paint and activity monitors

29. Name two methods of cooling cows to reduce heat stress.

- Fans and misters/sprinklers

30. Name the 3 major VFAs produced in the rumen and used as energy sources by the cow.

- Acetate, propionate, and butyrate

31. Agalactia is a failure to do what?

- Produce milk

32. Other than milk fever, what technical term is used to describe low blood calcium?

- Hypocalcemia

33. What hormone is responsible for causing the regression of the corpus luteum toward the end of the estrous cycle?

- Prostaglandin F2-alpha

34. What is the name given to the sticky substance which lines the teat canal and helps prevent bacterial penetration?

- Keratin plug

35. If heifers are adequately grown, what are two advantages to calving them at 24 months of age or earlier?

- Faster genetic progress and reduced rearing costs

36. Cow’s milk is approximately what percent water?

- Around 87% water

37. Modern technology now allows veterinarians to detect whether a cow is pregnant at 25 days into gestation using what mechanical test/device?

- Ultrasonography

38. What process alters the physical properties of milk so that the cream does not rise to the top?

- Homogenization

39. Name the two simple sugars that make up lactose:

- Glucose and galactose

40. To qualify as a probiotic for humans, cultures of beneficial bacteria must survive and grow where?

- In the intestinal tract

41. What are the two most important management practices for the reduction of foot problems in dairy herds?

- Proper hoof trimming and maintaining clean and dry resting areas

42. Rumen protected amino acids are able to enhance which milk component?

- Milk protein

43. Name four off-flavors in milk:

- Bitter, rancid, metallic, and feed-related flavors

44. Name two trace minerals required by dairy cattle.

- Zinc and copper

45. What are the two minerals in milk that are important in bone growth?

- Calcium and phosphorus

46. What does the acronym VWP stand for in a reproductive management program?

- Voluntary Waiting Period

47. What is the chemical name of the group of proteins that account for the greatest percentage of milk proteins?

- Caseins

48. Give two factors that affect the nutrient requirements of dairy cows.

- Stage of lactation and level of milk production

49. Name two advantages of headlocks.

- Allows for individual cow restraint and facilitates veterinary procedures

50. Name two advantages for using sand for bedding.

- Provides good traction and absorbs moisture well

51. What gas is responsible for the production of holes or eyes in an excellent quality Swiss cheese?

- Carbon dioxide

52. Name two ways that a cow excretes or loses water:

- Urination and respiration

53. Name one additive that may be added to a TMR to increase moisture content and bind feed ingredients in the TMR.

- Molasses

54. Name two fat-soluble vitamins that must be supplied in most cows’ diets.

- Vitamin A and Vitamin E

55. Coccidia infection can occur when calves are 4-8 weeks old. What is the characteristic symptom of coccidiosis?

- Diarrhea (often bloody)

56. **What is the most popular material for packaging

fluid milk?**

- High-density polyethylene (HDPE)

57. The body utilizes nutrients inside body cells through what process?

- Cellular respiration

58. What is the descriptive term for any calf that dies just prior to, during or within 48 hours of parturition?

- Stillbirth

59. Give two reasons a dairy farmer might want to synchronize estrus.

- To optimize breeding efficiency and to facilitate timed artificial insemination (AI)

60. GnRH alters follicular growth by causing the dominant follicle to ovulate within how many hours?

- Within approximately 30-48 hours

61. The dairy cow has the ability to utilize some of the plant carbohydrates as an energy source which animals with simple stomachs cannot. Name one of these carbohydrates.

- Cellulose

62. What is the enzyme obtained from the lining of a calf’s stomach that is used to coagulate casein protein when making cheese?

- Rennet

63. Name two of the organ systems found in the body of a dairy cow.

- Digestive system and reproductive system

64. What is the name of the muscular tube that leads from the mouth to the stomach?

- Esophagus

65. Name one hazardous gas produced in manure pits?

- Hydrogen sulfide

66. Name two signs that a cow may be suffering from acidosis.

- Decreased feed intake and diarrhea

67. Fat has an energy value that is how many times greater than starch?

- Approximately 2.25 times greater

68. In 1884, Dr. Hervey D. Thatcher of Potsdam, NY, invented what portable device for carrying milk?

- The milk can

69. Name a very hard cheese that will keep almost indefinitely and is used as grated cheese on salads and soups and with pasta.

- Parmesan

70. Cows that eat feed infected with aflatoxins can pass the substance through milk. Which type of organism produces aflatoxin?

- Fungi, specifically Aspergillus species

71. Name one of the main nutrient categories that supply energy to cows and heifers.

- Carbohydrates