The Public Health Approach_ Interventions _ Evaluation _S25 (1)

Page 1: Public Health Approach

• Interventions & Evaluations

• Readings: Types of evaluation as per CDC.

• Approaches to evaluation: A list format outlining different strategies for evaluation in public health.

Page 2: Student Engagement

• Public Health Association

• Opportunities available for students interested in Public Health.

• Undergraduate Public Health Association (UPHA) details for student engagement.

Page 3: Objectives

• Appreciate the complexity of measuring mortality.

• List and describe the four steps in the Public Health Approach to Prevention:

  • Define problem.

  • Identify causes and risk/protective factors.

  • Develop and test prevention strategies.

  • Ensure widespread adoption of effective interventions.

• Define and differentiate:

  • Cause: Essential role in health issue onset.

  • Risk factor: Increases likelihood of condition.

  • Protective factor: Decreases likelihood of condition.

• Consider the effectiveness, conceptual fit and practical fit of an intervention.

• Provide examples of manageable components of an intervention:

  • Technical, administrative, political, economic, sociocultural.

• Differentiate between summative, formative, and process evaluation.

Page 4: Leading Causes of Death in the U.S.

• Figure 4: Age-adjusted death rates for leading causes of death in 2021 and 2022.

• Top causes:

  • 2022: Heart disease, Cancer, Unintentional injuries, COVID-19, Stroke.

  • 2021 data indicated similar trends.

• Total deaths: 3,279,857 registered in 2022; 72.3% attributed to top 10 causes.

Page 5: Historical Context

• Top 10 Causes of Death: Comparison between 2020 and 1900.

• 2020 statistics included heart disease, cancer, and COVID-19.

• 1900 statistics featured influenza, tuberculosis, diarrhea-related deaths.

• Reading suggestion: Schulz, 2014 on historical perspective.

Page 6: Complications in Measuring Mortality

• Counting Deaths: Methodological challenges in attributing cause of death.

  • HIV/AIDS vs TB deaths or cancer deaths alongside pneumonia.

• Discussion on the broader social factors contributing to premature death.

Page 7: Actual Causes of Death

• Leading risk factors:

  • Tobacco use, Poor diet, Physical inactivity, Alcohol consumption, Microbial agents, Environmental exposures.

• Emphasis on the importance of preventing these behaviors in public health.

Page 8: Impact on Life Expectancy

• Reference to a report stating drops in U.S. life expectancy attributed to social issues.

Page 9: The Public Health Approach to Prevention

• Overview of steps involved in the public health approach.

• Focus on problem identification, risk analysis, strategy development, and advocacy for widespread adoption.

Page 10: Defining the Problem

• Step I: Define and describe the health issue.

  • Collection and analysis of data.

• Questions to address: What’s the issue? Who is affected?

Page 11: Analyzing Causes and Risk Factors

• Express definitions of cause, risk factors, and protective factors.

• Importance of identifying these for effective interventions.

Page 12: Example of Heart Disease

• Cause: Plaque buildup in arteries.

• Risk Factors: High cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, etc.

• Protective Factors: Healthy diet, exercise, etc.

Page 13: Prevention Strategies Development

• Step III: Develop and test interventions.

• Criteria for evaluation:

  • Effectiveness, conceptual fit, practical fit.

Page 14: Components of Interventions

• Overview of various types of interventions:

  • Social marketing, community initiatives, advocacy, etc.

• Emphasizes the broad nature of interventions in public health.

Page 15: Implementation of Interventions

• Importance of building capacity: resources and community readiness.

Page 16: Evaluation of Interventions

• How to assess effectiveness and adoption?

• Challenges in replicating or expanding successful interventions.

Page 17: Ensuring Widespread Adoption

• Importance of scaling effective strategies and continual evaluation.

Page 18: Types of Evaluation

• Evaluation begins with a systematic collection and analysis of data.

• Differences in methods: quantitative vs qualitative measures.

Page 19: Quantitative vs Qualitative Methods

• Quantitative: Surveys, cost-benefit analyses, etc.

• Qualitative: Focus groups, interviews, observations, etc.

Page 20: Formative Evaluation

• Focused on program improvement; assesses feasibility and acceptability.

• Quote: "When the cook tastes the soup, that’s formative; when the guests taste it, that’s summative."

Page 21: Formative Evaluation Example

• Example involving CHOICES study on health-related barriers and program preferences.

Page 22: Process Evaluation

• Documents implementation aspects and effectiveness.

• Questions regarding fidelity to the program's design.

Page 23: Process Evaluation Example

• Bed nets’ usage to combat malaria and observed misapplications.

Page 24: Summative Evaluation

• Focus on overall effectiveness and impact of programs.

• Example: Measurement of malaria rates post-intervention.

Page 25: Additional Evaluation Types

• Developmental evaluation, cost-benefit analysis, outcome evaluation, etc.

Page 26: Importance of Data

• Data drives actions and principal decisions in health programs.

Page 27: Success Indicators in Community Programs

• Community bonding focus with specific indicators of success.

Page 28: Evaluation Questions

• Distinction between process and summative evaluation for specific questions in a program’s assessment.

Page 29: Community Health Concerns

• Questions regarding significant issues affecting community and common diseases alongside their risk factors.

Page 30: References

• List of references used within the document, detailing various health studies and articles for further reading.

Page 31: Additional References

• Continuing referencing crucial published works and studies related to public health.