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UNIT 8 REVIEW
Key term/event | Significance |
The “Big Three” | The leaders of Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union. |
The Tehran Conference | A meeting of the Allied leaders in 1943 where they planned the final strategy for the defeat of Nazi Germany and discussed post-war issues. |
The Yalta Conference | A 1945 meeting where Allied leaders Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin determined the post-war reorganization of Germany and Europe. |
The Potsdam Conference | A second meeting of Allied leaders which was held in July-August 1945 to discuss how to manage post-war Germany, establish order, and address issues relating to Eastern Europe. |
Superpowers | Nations that have significant influence and power on a global scale, particularly in military, political, and economic terms. During the Cold War, the U.S. and the Soviet Union were considered superpowers. |
Cold War | A period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and the United States and their respective allies after World War II, characterized by political conflicts, military tensions, and ideological battles. |
Hydrogen Bomb | A thermonuclear weapon that uses fusion (the same process that powers the sun) to release an immense amount of energy, far more powerful than atomic bombs. |
Military-industrial complex | A concept coined by President Dwight D. Eisenhower to describe the relationship between a country's military and the defense industry that supplies it, emphasizing the potential for undue influence on public policy. |
Self-determination | The right of peoples to determine their own political status and pursue their economic, social, and cultural development without external interference. |
United Nations | An intergovernmental organization founded in 1945 that aims to promote international cooperation, peace, and security among nations. |
Iron Curtain | A term popularized by Winston Churchill to describe the division between the Soviet-controlled regions of Eastern Europe and the West during the Cold War. |
Satellite Countries | Nations that were aligned with and under the influence of the Soviet Union during the Cold War, essentially serving as buffer states against Western influence. |
World Revolution | The concept of a global uprising or revolution, often associated with Marxist theory, advocating for the overthrow of capitalist systems worldwide. |
Containment | A Cold War policy aimed at preventing the spread of communism beyond where it already existed, developed by the United States as a response to Soviet expansion. |
The Marshall Plan | An American initiative enacted in 1948 to provide economic aid to Western European nations to help rebuild their economies after World War II, aimed at preventing the spread of communism |
Space Race | The competition between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War to achieve significant milestones in space exploration, exemplified by events such as the launch of Sputnik and the Apollo moon landings. |
Objective Explain the historical context of the Cold War after 1945. | Section 8.1: Setting the Stage for the Cold War and Decolonization Key Developments Bringing the War to an End Who was in the “Big Three”? The “Big Three” consisted of the leaders of Great Britain, the US, and the Soviet Union. There were three meetings after WWII between the “Big Three”. Describe what occurred in each of the meetings: Tehran Conference: A meeting of the Allied leaders in 1943 where they planned the final strategy for the defeat of Nazi Germany and discussed post-war issues. Yalta Conference: A 1945 meeting where Allied leaders Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin determined the post-war reorganization of Germany and Europe. The Potsdam Conference: A second meeting of Allied leaders which was held in July-August 1945 to discuss how to manage post-war Germany, establish order, and address issues relating to Eastern Europe. Explain how these meetings could “set the stage” for the Cold War. These meetings could “set the stage” for the Cold War because these meetings failed to settle important issues between the world’s major powers, which caused a lot of hidden resentment to be built up. Shifting Balance of Power Why were Europe and Asia not leaders after WWII? What did a lot of countries “flee” to? Europe and Asia weren’t leaders after WWII because they had been economically and socially devastated after the war with the loss of many lives and the destruction of their country. Many were fleeing communism or searching for safety and opportunity. Which major countries were devastated the most? What did countries like France and Great Britain lose during the war? East and Central Europe suffered greater losses than did Western Europe. Worst hit were the Soviet Union, Poland, and Germany. Each lost between 10-20% of its population. Countries such as Great Britain and France, despite their losses, maintained strong traditions of democracy and the rule of law. What were 3 factors that positioned the United States to become one of the most powerful countries in the world in the aftermath of WWII? 1. The U.S. mainland was untouched by attacks, which made it grow stronger through government-funded military contracts. 2. The loss of life in the U.S. was much lower than Europe. 3. They had developed atomic weapons and used them during the war. Advances During the War What were some of the advancements in universities in the US that were invented during the wartime period? Among the items that were developed for, improved, or used more widely by the military were air pressure systems for airplane cabins, refrigeration for food, stronger plywood for construction, and a variety of plastics for many uses. One of the most important advances was the spread of the use of penicillin, which saved the lives of thousands of wounded soldiers. The Start of the Cold War There were obvious tensions between the Soviet Union and the US, but why would they not fight each other militarily? The Soviet Union and the U.S. had tensions but would not fight each other militarily because of the high costs of war. What did they do instead? What did they both create? They instead went into a cold war. The Cold War between the superpowers played out in propaganda campaigns, secret operations, and an arms race. They both developed their own versions of a hydrogen bomb. Breakdown of Empires What did many of the colonies of major countries believe in after WWII and during the Cold War? Many of the colonies believed in the idea that each country should choose its own form of government and leaders, also called self-determination. Which two empires crumbled? What was the result of their crumbling? Both the Austro-Hungary Empire and the Ottoman Empire crumbled. The result of this was its restructure into multiple new countries. Foundations for dismantling of colonial empires: ● In the colonized world, movements for self-determination grew. Often they included both advocates for greater self-rule and proponents of full independence. ● World War II had so weakened Great Britain and France, and the other colonial powers that they had fewer resources to resist independence. ● The Cold War between the US and the Soviet Union gave anti-colonial activists two superpowers to recruit as supporters. |
Section 8.2: The Cold War Objective Explain the causes and effects of the ideological struggle of the Cold War | Key Developments Cooperation Despite Conflict: The United Nations Despite ideological differences, what did ALL the Allies agree upon? The Allies shared a commitment to building a new organization to promote peace and prosperity to replace the League of Nations. Explain why the League of Nations failed. It lacked the support of all the world’s powerful countries (especially the U.S.) and lacked a mechanism to act quickly to stop small conflicts from escalating into large ones. Rivalry in Economics and Politics What did the “Iron Curtain” represent? The “Iron Curtain” represented the split between Eastern and Western Europe. A. Capitalism and Communism Explain the key differences between the USA’s capitalism and the USSR’s communism:
Explain the key differences between the USA's democracy and the USSR’s Authoritarianism:
Explain the similarities between the two superpowers. In both of them, control of big economic decisions was in the hands of groups, either the government or millions of corporate shareholders. Further, both countries often acted out of fear of the other, which made the military a powerful force in each. Conflicts in International Affairs What did each side want to do? What was the result? Each side wanted to expand its system of thought throughout the world. This resulted in a long-running battle for influence over the opinions of people and alliance with governments. A. The USSR and Its Satellite Countries What did the USSR make the satellite countries they had to do to compete with the USA? The USSR made the Satellite countries develop five-year economic plans focused on developing industry and collective agriculture at the expense of consumer products. What did these actions allow the USSR to exploit? These actions allowed the USSR to exploit the Eastern European nations to benefit the Soviets rather than to help those countries grow. B. World Revolution What was the threat to the USSR according to them starting in 1918? Capitalism was seen as a threat to the Soviet Union’s power. What were some of the revolutions that the USSR supported? The Soviets supported revolutions and uprisings between 1919 and 1923 in Germany, Bavaria, Hungary, northern Italy, and Bulgaria. C. Containment What is the policy of containment? The policy of containment advocated not letting communism spread farther. How did many people want to take the policy of containment “a step further”? They argued for a more aggressive policy of overthrowing existing regimes in order to slow the spread of communism. D. Truman Doctrine What were the main ideas of the Truman Doctrine? The main ideas of the Truman Doctrine were expressed as a strong statement that the U.S. would do what it had to do to stop the spread of communist influence. Where specifically did the Truman Doctrine want to be instilled in? Specifically, The Truman Doctrine wanted to be instilled in Greece and Turkey. E. Marshall Plan What was the Marshall Plan? The Marshall Plan was a plan to aid all the nations in Europe. Why was the Marshall Plan created and what was it meant to stop? The Marshall Plan was created to modernize industry, reduce trade barriers, and rebuild Europe’s damaged infrastructure. What did the Soviet Union also create in lieu of the Marshall Plan? What did it do? Because the Soviet Union refused to be part of the Marshall Plan, they developed their own, called the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON). The Space Race and the Arms Race A. Space Race What was the first artificial satellite called? The first artificial satellite was called Sputnik. Who built it? What did it make the other superpower do? Sputnik was built by the Soviet Union. This caused the U.S. to launch Explorer 1, continuing the USSR’s inauguration of the Space Race. B. Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) What did both countries figure out would happen if each of them set off their ICBMs? Both countries realized that they had become so powerful that they had reached a point of mutual assured destruction. That is, regardless of who started a war, both would be obliterated by the end of it. The Non-Aligned Movement Where did many of the countries come from who wanted to stay out of the US-Soviet Cold War? Explain what they wanted. Many countries that wanted to stay out of the Cold War came from Africa and Asia. They wanted an alternative framework for international economic, political, and social order. Who was a part of the Bandung Conference and what came out of it? Delegates from China, India, and 27 other countries were present at the Bandung Conference hosted by Indonesia. Explain some of the challenges the Non-Aligned Movement faced: Non-Aligned Movement Examples
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Key term/event | Significance |
Proxy wars | Conflicts where two opposing countries or parties support combatants that serve their interests rather than directly engaging in warfare |
Berlin Airlift | Operation undertaken by the United States and its allies from 1948 to 1949, supplying West Berlin with food and fuel when the Soviet Union blocked ground access. |
Berlin Wall | A barrier erected in 1961 that divided East and West Berlin, symbolizing the Cold War divide between the communist East and the democratic West; it fell in 1989. |
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) | A military alliance formed in 1949 among Western nations to provide collective security against the Soviet Union and its allies. |
Warsaw Pact | A military treaty established in 1955 as a response to NATO, including the Soviet Union and its Eastern Bloc allies, aimed at mutual defense and cooperation. |
Communist bloc | Refers to the group of communist countries led by the Soviet Union during the Cold War, including Eastern European nations and others aligned with the USSR. |
Domino Theory | The belief that the spread of communism in one nation would lead to a chain reaction of similar effects in neighboring countries, particularly prevalent during the Cold War. |
Anti Nuclear weapons movement | A social and political movement opposing the development and deployment of nuclear weapons, advocating for disarmament and arms control. |
Objective | Key Developments |
Compare the ways in which the United States and the Soviet Union sought to maintain influence over the course of the Cold War. | Introduction What were some of the examples of “proxy wars.” Proxy wars, exemplified by conflicts in Korea and Vietnam, caused millions of deaths and underscored the political divide between superpowers while creating a tense global environment influenced by military, economic, and nuclear competition post-World War II. |
Allied Occupation of Germany *City of Berlin split after WWII Explain the significance of each event:
NATO, The Warsaw Pact, and Other Alliances Who was involved in NATO and what were the goals of it? The North Atlantic Treaty Organization pledged mutual support and cooperation within the alienate against conflicts and wars. Its original members were Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and the United States. Membership in this Brussels-based organization expanded considerably in the decades after its founding. What was the Soviet’s response to NATO? What was created? The Soviet’s response to NATO was the Warsaw Pact created in 1955. Nations involved in this combined their armed forces and based their army leaders in Moscow, the capital of the Soviet Union. These nations were also known as the communist bloc. What is SEATO? Who was involved? SEATO was the Southeast Asia Treaty of Organization and the countries who were involved were Australia, France, Great Britain, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, and the U.S.
What is CENTO? Who was involved? CENTO (the Central Treaty Organization) was an anti-Soviet treaty organization formed by Great Britain, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, and Turkey to prevent the spread of Communism in the Middle East. The United States was not a full member, but it joined CENTO’S military committee. Proxy Wars A. Korean War How did the Korean War begin? The Korean War began when North Korean invaded the South in an attempt to reunite the country under its leadership. What was the UN’s response and who did they support? The UN supported South Korea and voted to defend the country militarily. How did the war end? The war ended in a stalemate. B. Vietnam War What happened under US President Dwight D. Eisenhower? War U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, following the Truman policy of containment, sent military advisers to South 9ietnam to train the South Vietnamese army and to prevent a communist takeover by North Vietnam. What happened under US President John F. Kennedy? President John F. Kennedy, increased the number of advisers from 1,000 to 16,000. Some U.S. citizens believed America could not afford to lose a confrontation in vietnam. They thought a communist victory would weaken U.S. prestige around the world. What happened under US President Lyndon B. Johnson? What did he believe in also? In 1964, President Lyndon Johnson sent more U.S. troops to South Vietnam. Johnson believed in the domino theory—the idea that if one country in the region became communist, other countries would soon follow. Johnson feared that China and the Soviet Union would bring all of Southeast Asia under communist rule. C. The Bay of Pigs Crisis ● Fidel Castro and other Communist revolutionaries overthrew the Cuban dictator Cavro in 1959. ● Castro set up a dictatorship in Cuba. After Cuba nationalized businesses, what was the US’s response? The U.S.’s response to Cuba’s nationalization of businesses was breaking off trade and cutting diplomatic ties. After the US’s response, what did the Cuban government do? Castro in turn accepted Soviet aid and aligned Cuba’s foreign policy with that of the Soviet Union. What did JFK end up doing in response to a communist government set up 90 miles away from the coast of Florida? JFK gave his support which resulted in the confirmation of the Cuba-Soviet Alliance. What effects did the Bay of Pigs have on US relations with Cuba? The Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961 worsened US-Cuba relations, leading to heightened Cuban distrust towards the US, solidified Castro's alignment with the Soviet Union, and resulted in Cuba's increased anti-American sentiment and isolation from US diplomacy during the Cold War. D. The Cuban Missile Crisis What did Nikita Khruschev do in response to the Bay of Pigs debacle? In response to the Bay of Pigs, Khruschev shipped nuclear missiles to cuba. What was Khruschev’s rationale? He felt justified in his actions because in the summer of 1961 the United States had placed nuclear missiles in Turkey, a U.S. ally that shared a border with the Soviet Union. What was set up during the Cuban Missile Crisis? During the Cuban Missile Crisis, a direct communication link known as the "Hotline" was established between the United States and the Soviet Union to allow for immediate communication in the event of a future crisis. Explain the significance of each: Test-Ban Treaty: The Test-Ban Treaty(CTBT), prohibited all nuclear explosions for both civilian and military purposes. This treaty signified a global effort to halt nuclear arms development and reduce the proliferation of nuclear weapons. Angola Contra War: The Contra War was a conflict in Nicaragua during the 1980s where the US supported Contra rebels against the Sandinista government, which was perceived as socialist and aligned with the Soviet Union. This war emphasized the extent of US intervention in Central America during the Cold War and raised ethical concerns over covert operations and support for rebel groups. Anti Nuclear Weapon Movement:
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Key term/event | Significance |
Land reform | refers to the redistribution of agricultural land and the restructuring of land ownership to promote more equitable access and improve agricultural productivity, often implemented by governments in response to social inequalities. |
Mao Zedong | A Chinese communist revolutionary and the founding father of the People’s Republic of China, serving as its leader from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976, and known for his contributions to Marxist theory and the implementation of policies such as the Great Leap Forward. |
Communes | Collective agricultural communities established during the Chinese Cultural Revolution, where resources and labor were shared among members to promote socialist ideals and increase agricultural output, though they often resulted in economic inefficiencies. |
Red Guards | Youth groups mobilized during China's Cultural Revolution to promote Communist ideology, often engaging in violent campaigns against perceived enemies of the state and targeting intellectuals, educators, and traditional cultural values. |
Theocracy | A form of government in which religious leaders hold political power, and state policies are heavily influenced by religious principles, often leading to a fusion of religious authority and political governance. |
The Muslim League | A political party in British India that played a crucial role in advocating for the rights of Muslims and the establishment of Pakistan as a separate state from India, particularly during the 1940s. |
Charles De Gaulle | A French military leader and statesman who played a pivotal role during and after World War II, leading the Free French Forces and later serving as the President of France, known for his leadership in the establishment of the Fifth Republic. |
Viet Cong | South Vietnamese communist guerrillas who fought against the US-backed government of South Vietnam during the Vietnam War, employing guerrilla warfare tactics and receiving support from North Vietnam |
Ho Chi Minh | A Vietnamese revolutionary leader and the founding father of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam), known for his role in fighting against colonial powers and promoting communist ideology in Vietnam. |
Gamal Abdel Nasser | An Egyptian leader who served as President from 1956 until his death in 1970, known for his policies of Arab nationalism, social reform, and efforts to establish a pan-Arab identity and unity among Arab nations. |
Suez Crisis | A diplomatic and military conflict in 1956 when Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal, leading to an invasion by Israel, the UK, and France, and highlighting the decline of colonial powers and the rise of nationalist movements in the region. |
The “Quiet” Revolution | Refers to a period of profound social, political, and economic change in Quebec during the 1960s, characterized by the decline of traditional authority, the rise of nationalism, and significant reforms in health, education, and economic policy. |
Objective Explain the causes and consequences of China’s adoption of communism. | Section 8.4: Spread of Communism after 1900 CE Key Developments Introduction What did most socialists or communists seek to make more of? Most socialists or communists sought to make more people into land owners. Most communist/socialist countries used land reform to make this happen. Communism in China A. Great Leap Forward Describe how Mao Zedong and the communists rose to popularity in China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, won popular support because they redistributed land to peasants, opened schools and hospitals, and punished soldiers who mistreated civilians. What were the goals of the Great Leap Forward? The goals of the Great Leap Forward were mostly relating to land reform. What were the results of the Great Leap Forward? Peasant lands were organized into communes, large agricultural communities where the state held the land, not private owners. Those who protested this policy could be sent to “re-education camps” or killed. B. Cultural Revolution What was Mao attempting to do with the Cultural Revolution? With the Cultural Revolution, Mao was attempting to reinvigorate China’s commitment to communism. Explain the significance of the Red Guard and reeducation camps. The Red Guards were groups of revolutionary students who seized anyone not-compliant with the re-education process. C. Relations with the Soviets What was the relationship like between China and the USSR? Hostile What events led to this relationship? The two countries often skirmished over their border. They also competed for influence around the world. Turmoil in Iran Both Britain and Russia fought for control of the area of Iran in the early 20th century. A. Foreign Influence ● Early in WWII, the Iranian leader considered supporting Hitler’s Nazi regime ● Russia & Britain were determined to not let that happen. ● They forced the leader to abdicate power to his young son, Shah Muhammed Reza Pahlavi What ended up happening to the young Iranian leader? He was replaced by Mohammed Mosaddegh. What did the Iranian people see the leader as? What was the US & British response to this event? Pahlavi was eventually forced to flee the country because Iranian nationalists didn’t want him to be a puppet for western powers. The United States and Great Britain engineered an overthrow of the democratically chosen Mosaddegh and returned the shah to power. B. Land Reform in the White Revolution Why was it called the White Revolution? What aspects were changed? The White Revolution was named such because it came with no bloodshed. The aspects that were changed were the recognition of women’s voting rights, creating a social welfare system, and funding literacy programs in villages. The most important reform dealt with land reform.. C. The Iranian Revolution In 1979, what signified the revolution? In 1979, the event that signified the revolution was the toppling of the shah. After the toppling of the shah, what new government type was instituted? After the toppling of the shah, the new government of theocracy was established. What religious text was used for all law? All laws were compiled with shariah(Islamic law). D. Guatemala ● A democratically elected government under Jacob Arbenz in the Central American country of Guatemala began efforts at land reform. ● Feeling threatened, the United Fruit Company lobbied the US government to remove the Arbenz ● In 1954, he was overthrown Land Reform in Asia and Africa A. Vietnam ● During WWII, Japan occupied Vietnam, which Japan still claimed as a colony ● At the end of the war in 1945, Vietnam declared from both Japan and France. ● A few people controlled most of the land ● Communists vowed to seize land from large landowners B. Ethiopia ● Ethiopia was originally under Italian occupation ● Haile Salassie returned to power under WWII. ● Ethiopia enjoyed economic success based off of its coffee trade. ● This led to western-style political and cultural reforms ● Selassie was unable to effectively implement land reform and his people started seeing him as a U.S. puppet Who ended up rising to power? What did he order? And what did he declare the government of Ethiopia as now? Mengistu Haile Mariam soon ended up rising to power. He ordered the assassination of 60 former regime officials. He then declared the government of Ethiopia as socialist. C. India ● India was under British rule since 1858 ● Changed with the Independence movement leaded by Mahatma Gandhi ● In 1947, India was partitioned, creating two countries India & Pakistan Create a timeline of land reform in India and Pakistan. India
Pakistan
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Objective Compare the processes by which various peoples pursued independence after 1900. | Section 8.5: Decolonization after 1900 Key Developments Introduction There are basically two ways nations started to decolonize and gain independence, the first way is how India gained their independence, through political negotiation. The second way is how Angola gained their independence and that is through armed struggle. Movements for Autonomy: India and Pakistan 1. The self-rule of India began in the 19th century under the Indian National Congress with its leader, Mohandas Gandhi. ● What were the independence tactics of the Indian National Congress? The main independence tactic of the Indian National Congress was mass civil disobedience. ● What did the Muslim League advocate for? The Muslim League advocated for a separate nation for Indian Muslims. ● When Britain failed to follow through on promises for more rights for Indians, what did Indian people do? Example? When Britain failed to follow through on promises for more rights for Indians, they increased their protests for full independence from British rule. ● What resulted in the division between the Muslims and the Hindus of India? The division between the Muslims and the Hindus of India was caused by economic pressures and Muslim campaigning. Decolonization in Ghana and Algeria
Negotiated Independence in French West Africa 1. What countries were involved in French West Africa? The countries that were involved in French West Africa were Senegal, the Ivory Coast, Niger, Upper Volta, and other territories. 2. Why was France reluctant to give up colonies in this area? France was reluctant to give up colonies in this area because it invested heavily into industrializing it, building railroads and advancing agricultural development. 3. What resulted in the independence movements? The independence movement was caused by the various African political parties (democratic, socialist, and communist) and leaders arose in the French West. Nationalism and Division in Vietnam ● Who was the Vietnamese Communist leader? The Vietnamese Communist Leader was Ho Chi Minh. ● What was the result of the Vietnamese war of independence? The result of the Vietnamese war of independence was France trying to reestablish its colonial rule. ● Who came to aid the French troops? The French Troops were aided by the United States. ● Who were the Viet Cong? The Viet Cong were South Viets who supported the communists. ● What resulted in the US taking over fighting in the Vietnam War? The US took over fighting in the Vietnam War because the fighting worsened. Struggles and Compromise in Egypt ● Explain who Nasser was and what his goals were. Nasser was a general part of the Arab League. His goals were to mainly promote Pan-Arabism, institute land reform, and the nationalization of industries and businesses. ● Explain the Suez Crisis and the results of it. The Suez Canal, built with the labor of many Egyptian workers—numerous of whom died during construction—was financed by French investment and was seen as a symbol of colonial exploitation by Egyptian leader Nasser, who sought to challenge this. In 1956, after Nasser nationalized the canal, Israel, supported by Britain and France, invaded Egypt, leading to a conflict that was opposed by the United States and the Soviet Union, which ultimately resolved the Suez Crisis through UN intervention. Independence and Civil War in Nigeria ● What was the Biafran Civil War? The Biafran Civil War began in 16 when the Igbos, a Westernized, predominantly Christian tribe in the southeastern oil-rich Niger River Delta area, tried to secede from the northern-dominated government. ● What did the Igbos seek? Igbos sought autonomy because of targeted attacks against them by the Hausa-Fulani Islamic group in the north. ● What was the result of the Igbos’ secession? They declared themselves an independent nation called Biafra. ● Explain what the government did to prevent tribalism. In an effort to prevent tribalism from destroying the country, the government established a federation of 6 states with borders that cut across ethnic and religious lines. Canada and the “Silent Revolution” in Quebec ● Explain the historical context of colonial Quebec, Canada Colonial Quebec was shaped by the French colonization that began in the early 17th century, focusing on the fur trade and missionary efforts, while encountering conflicts with Indigenous peoples. Following the British acquisition of Quebec through the Treaty of Paris in 1763, the region's governance changed significantly under British rule. ● Explain the Quiet Revolution and what the results were of it. The Quiet Revolution, which took place in the 1960s, was a transformative period for Quebec marked by social, political, and cultural changes. It was characterized by a push for greater autonomy for Quebec, the secularization of society, and the strengthening of Francophone identity, eventually leading to the development of a modern welfare state and an increase in Quebec nationalism, which spurred discussions regarding potential independence from Canada. |
Key term/event | Significance |
Zionist Movement | A nationalist movement founded in the late 19th century aimed at establishing a Jewish homeland in Palestine, primarily in response to anti-Semitism and persecution in Europe. |
Six-Day War | A conflict that took place in June 1967 between Israel and its neighboring Arab countries (Egypt, Syria, and Jordan), resulting in a swift victory for Israel and significant territorial gains. |
Yom Kippur War | Also known as the October War, this conflict began on October 6, 1973, when Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack against Israel on Yom Kippur, ultimately leading to a prolonged and intense military confrontation. |
Camp David Accords | A series of agreements made in 1978 between Egypt and Israel brokered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter, which led to a peace treaty and the return of the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt. |
Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) | An umbrella organization created in 1964 to represent the Palestinian people and advocate for their political rights, often seeking the establishment of a Palestinian state. |
Khmer Rouge | A radical communist group that ruled Cambodia from 1975 to 1979, known for its brutal regime and the genocide of approximately 1.7 million people. |
Kashmir | A region located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, which has been the subject of territorial disputes between India, Pakistan, and China since the mid-20th century. |
Sirimavo Bandaranaike | The first female head of government in the world, serving as Prime Minister of Sri Lanka three times between 1960 and 1977, known for her socialist policies and promoting non-alignment in international relations. |
Metropole | A term used to refer to the colonial power or country that controls a colony, often contrasted with the colonies themselves. |
Martin Luther King Jr. (MLK) | An American civil rights leader who advocated for nonviolent protest against racial segregation and injustice, known for his role in the American civil rights movement and his famous "I Have a Dream" speech. |
Nelson Mandela | A South African anti-apartheid revolutionary and political leader who became the first black president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, known for his efforts in dismantling apartheid and promoting reconciliation. |
Prague Spring | A period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia during 1968, marked by reforms and a move towards a more democratic and open society, which was ultimately suppressed by a Soviet-led invasion. |
Brezhnev Doctrine | A policy articulated by Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev in 1968, asserting the Soviet Union's right to intervene in other socialist countries to maintain communist control and prevent liberal reforms. |
Kent State University | The site of a tragic incident on May 4, 1970, where national guardsmen shot and killed four students during a protest against the Vietnam War, sparking national outrage and protests across campuses in the U.S. |
Irish Republican Army (IRA) | A paramilitary organization that sought to end British rule in Northern Ireland and reunite Ireland, known for its campaigns of violence and armed resistance. |
Ulster Defence Association | A loyalist paramilitary group that operated in Northern Ireland, advocating for the maintenance of British rule and opposing Irish republicanism through violent means. |
Osama Bin Laden | The founder of the militant Islamist organization al-Qaeda, known for orchestrating terrorist attacks, including the September 11 attacks in 2001. |
September 11th (9/11) | A series of coordinated terrorist attacks by al-Qaeda on September 11, 2001, in the United States, involving the hijacking of commercial airplanes and resulting in significant loss of life and destruction, leading to global changes in security policies and the initiation of the War on Terror. |
Objective Explain how political changes in the period from c. 1900 to the present led to territorial, demographic, and nationalist developments. | Section 8.6: Newly Independent States Key Developments How did the Zionist movement contribute to the birth of Israel? The Zionist movement contributed to the birth of Israel because Zionists hoped that the new state could be established in Palestine due to their ancestors living there in the past. Birth of Israel What did the Balfour Declaration propose for Jews? The Balfour Declaration proposed the establishment in Palestine of a “national home” for the Jewish people. What did the Balfour Declaration intend for non-Jews? For non-Jews, the Balfour Declaration had no effect, as Arthur James Balfour wrote that “nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine. Describe how the events of 1948 led to Israel becoming its own country. The events of 1948 led to Israel becoming its own country because it caused devastation and death throughout the community. Multiple Wars Which countries supported Israel? The countries that supported Israel were France, the US, and Great Britain. Which countries supported Palestine? The countries that supported Palestine were neighboring Arab Countries. What was the result of the Six-Day War? The result of the Six-Day War was Israel gaining the Gaza strip from Egypt, the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria. Israeli-Egyptian Peace Why did Palestine and several Arab states reject the Camp David Accords? Palestine and several Arab states rejected the Camp David Accords because they were more focused on the goals of the PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization). What were the goals of the PLO? The goals of the PLO was the return of occupied lands and the creation of an independent nation of Palestine. Ongoing Violence Who were the Fatahs? The Fatahs were one of the groups that Palentinians split into and they controlled the West Bank. Who were the Hamas? The Hamahs were also one of the groups and they controlled Gaza. What was Palestine angry about in regards to Israel? Palestine was angry in regards to Israel because they implemented tighter border controls on the West Bank and on Gaza. These actions amounted to economic sanctions and restricted normal activity for more Palestinians. Cambodia Gain Independence and Survives Wars What did Khmer Rouge do in Cambodia? In Cambodia, the Khmer Rouge, under the leadership of Pol Pot, overthrew the right-wing government. What were the results of the peace agreement between Cambodia and Vietnam in 1991? The results of the peace agreement between Cambodia and Vietnam in 1991 were free elections and the development of a democratic government with multiple political parties and aspects of a market company. India and Pakistan Become Separate Countries In 1947, the British divided colonial India in 2 countries: ● India, which was mostly Hindu (religion) ● Pakistan, which was mostly Muslim (religion) How many people moved between India and Pakistan at this time? At least 10 million people moved between India and Pakistan at this time. Describe Pakistan and India’s relationship after partition. After partition, Pakistani-India distrust grew. While India became the world’s largest democracy, Pakistan had both elected leaders and authoritarian military rulers. Moderates in both countries confronted powerful conservative religious movements that opposed compromise with the other country. Kashmir Conflict Describe the Kashmir Conflict One persistent tension between India and Pakistan was over Kashmir, a border region in the mountainous north. At the time of partition, most people in Kashmir were Muslims, but its leader was a Hindu. Therefore, both Pakistan and India claimed Kashmir. At times the rivalry there broke out into armed conflict. The tension between the two countries became more significant after each began developing nuclear weapons. Eventually, India controlled about 5 percent of the Kashmir region, Pakistan controlled about 5 percent, and China controlled about 20 percent. |
Explain the economic changes and continuities resulting from the process of decolonization | Women Gain Power in South Asia Country Female Leader Accomplishments Sri Lanka
India
Pakistan
Tanzania Modernizes What did the Arusha Declaration of 1967 summarize? Essentially, the Arusha Declaration of 1967 was an egalitarian approach based on cooperative agriculture. What were some of Nyerere’s successes as president of Tanzania? Some of Nyerere’s successes as president of Tanzania were literacy campaigns, free education, and collective farming. Emigration from Newer Countries to Older Ones What were some major “hot spots” in the world that became “metropole”? London was a metropole--a large city of a former colonial ruler. Similarly, Vietnamese, Algerians, and West Africans migrated to Paris and other cities in France, and Filipinos migrated to the United States. Why did citizens of newly independent countries emigrate to their former colonizing country (example: Algeria -> France)? They most likely emigrated because of the job opportunities. |
Objective Explain various reactions to existing power structures in the period after 1900. | Section 8.7:Global Resistance to Established Power Structures After 1900 Key Developments Nonviolent Resistance as a Path to Change
Challenges to Soviet Power in Eastern Europe Poland Describe Wladyslaw Gomulka’s time as secretary of the Polish Communist Party. Wladyslaw Gomulka’s time as secretary of the Polish Communist Party was well spent, he decided to pursue an independent domestic policy in Poland but continued to be loyal to the Soviet Union, who continued the presence of their troops in Poland. Hungary Describe Imre Nagy’’s time as political leader of Hungary. Imre Nagy’s time as political leader of Hungary led to much progress in the country. He vowed to support free elections in which non-Commuist parties would participate. However, he was executed by the Soviets after more Cold War declarations than Hungary that was neutral. Czechoslovakia What demands of the people did Alexander Dubcek give in to? The demands of the people that Alexander Dubcek gave into were the increase of the freedom of speech and press and allowing greater freedom to travel. What was the Brezhnev Doctrine used for? The Brezhnev Doctrine stated that the Soviet Union and its allies would intervene if an action by one member threatened other socialist countries. 1968: The Year of Revolt List the countries that revolted in 1968
What caused many of the protests and revolts in 1968? Many of the protests and revolts in 1968 were caused by the events in Czechoslovakia. France Describe the student movement in France in 1968. In 1968, the student movement in France went on strike. Thousands of students went to the streets but it resulted in police violence. It was the largest general strike in French history. President Charles de Gaulle called new elections in France and was able to remain in office when his party won.
The United States What were people protesting for in the United States in 1968? In 1968, the people of the United States were protesting for rights for women and African Americans. However the largest and most heated protests were against the country’s involvement in the war with Vietnam. After members of the Ohio National Guard killed four unarmed students during an anti war demonstration, students and faculties at many U.S. colleges and universities went on strike. An Age of Terrorism What replaced most of the large-scale open-conflict (war) between sovereign states after the Cold War? Most of the large-scale open-conflict between sovereign states after the Cold War was replaced with the unaffiliated with any government committed terrorist acts in Western Europe, South America, Islamic World, and the United Stated that intimidated and murdered civilians. Conflict in Northern Ireland What denomination of Christianity were people in most of Ireland? In Ireland, most of the people were Roman Catholics. What denomination of Christianity were people in Northern Ireland? Northern Ireland was dominated by Protestants, and remained part of the United Kingdom. What terrorist acts did some members of the IRA commit in London? Some of the terrorist acts that the members of the IRA committed in London were the use of violence to achieve political ends and setting off bombs. Separatists in Spain Who were Basque Homeland and Freedom (ETA)? Basque Homeland and Freedom was an organization that used terrorist tactics to advance their political agenda and goals. What was ETA’s goal? They wanted independence for the Basque region in northern Spain. Peru’s Shining Path What was the Shining Path’s goal? The Shining Path’s goal was to overthrow the existing government and replace it with a communist one. Islamic Terrorism What are the names of the Islamic terrorist groups in the section? Some of the Islamic terrorist groups mentioned were: Boko Haram, al-Shabaab, the Levant, and the Taliban. Which Islamic terrorist group was the deadliest? The deadliest Islamic terrorist group was al-Qaeda. How were they funded? They were funded by the Saudi billionaire Osama bin Laden. Terrorism in the United States Aside from 9/11, who was responsible for the majority of the terrorist attacks in the United States? The attacks in the United States were mostly done by domestic groups, some of which are associated with white-nationalist or extreme right-wing views. Response of Militarized States The Franco Dictatorship in Spain Why did the United States support Francisco Franco in spite of his human rights violations? What did Spain do when Franco died? In spite of his human rights violations, The United States supported Francisco Franco because of his fervent anti-communism beliefs. Intensified Conflict In Uganda Under Idi Amin Describe Idi Amin’s time as president of Uganda? Uganda suffered greatly under Idi Amin's brutal rule from 1971 to 1979, characterized by widespread human rights abuses, ethnic tensions, and economic instability. He expelled 60,000 Asians and is believed to be responsible for up to 500,000 deaths before being ousted in exile by Ugandan nationalists and Tanzanian troops. The Military-Industrial Complex Conflicts around the world intensified because of fear and economic pressure. Describe a military-industrial complex The military-industrial complex is a political and economic relationship between the military, government, and defense contractors. It influences public policy for the benefit of the defense industry, often resulting in increased military spending and lobbying efforts to sustain conflicts for profit. |
Vocabulary for 8.8 & 8.9
Key term/event | Significance |
Ronald Reagan | The 40th President of the United States (1981-1989), known for his conservative policies, strong anti-communism stance, and significant involvement in ending the Cold War. |
Mikhail Gorbachev | The last leader of the Soviet Union (1985-1991), recognized for his reforms aimed at modernizing the USSR, including policies like glasnost and perestroika that sought to open up Soviet society and economy. |
détente | A period of eased tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War, characterized by diplomatic negotiations and arms control agreements. |
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) | A series of agreements between the US and the USSR aimed at limiting the growth of nuclear weapons and stabilizing their arsenals during the Cold War. |
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) | Proposed by President Reagan in 1983, it aimed to develop a missile defense system to protect the US from nuclear missiles; often criticized as unrealistic. |
Perestroika | A policy initiated by Gorbachev in the 1980s, aimed at restructuring the Soviet economy and transitioning away from central planning towards a more market-oriented system. |
Glasnost | A policy of openness introduced by Gorbachev that encouraged greater transparency in government and freedom of information within the Soviet Union. |
Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) | A 1987 agreement between the US and the USSR that eliminated an entire class of nuclear weapons, marking a significant step in arms control and a thawing of Cold War tensions. |
Objective Explain the causes of the end of the Cold War. | Section 8.8: End of the Cold War Key Developments The Final Decades of the Cold War What was the fundamental disagreement between the United States and the Soviet Union? A fundamental disagreement between the United States and the Soviet Union was proxy wars and support of opposing sides in international conflicts. Détente and a Colder War Define détente. A period of eased tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War, characterized by diplomatic negotiations and arms control agreements. What did Richard Nixon do that represented détente in the Soviet Union and China? Nixon and Soviet Leader Leonid Brezhnev signed the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, designed to freeze the number of intercontinental ballistic missiles that each power could keep. Describe the challenges the USSR faced in the 1960’s and 1970’s. Economically, the USSR was in a crisis. It was no longer growing. Central governmental controls prevented farmers and manufacturers from deciding what to grow or make and what to charge for it. Foreign trade was extremely limited. What issues was the United States having in the 1960’s and 1970’s President Nixon was mired in the Vietnam War, a costly and unpopular conflict. The American economy was suffering as well due to this. What actions ended détente? After the Soviets invaded Afghanistan in 1979, U.S. President Jimmy Carter halted the grain shipments that America was excessively sending out. This action marked the end of detente. Soviet-Afghan War How did the Soviet-Afghan war contribute to the fall of the Soviet Union? The Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989) played a crucial role in the fall of the Soviet Union by straining the economy, causing public discontent due to high casualties and an unpopular military engagement, and leading to international isolation through condemnation and sanctions. The war exposed ideological failures and fueled nationalist movements within the Soviet republics, ultimately challenging central authority. Gorbachev's reforms in response to the war also contributed to calls for greater autonomy among the republics, hastening the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Reagan and Gorbachev What did Reagan do in the 1980's to upset the Soviet Union? During the presidency of Ronald Reagan, tensions between the Americans and the Soviets increased even further. Reagan referred to the Soviet Union as the “evil empire” and sent military aid, including weapons, to support the Afghans. The Soviet Union resented this overtly militaristic move. What was the purpose of the Strategic Defense Initiative? The system would supposedly destroy any Soviet nuclear missiles that targeted the United States or its allies. How did the Soviet Union respond to the SDI? The Soviets saw this move as the beginning of an arms race in space. While it was not an immediate threat that required a quick response, it worried liberal and moderate Soviets who wanted reforms. The Thaw What is perestroika? Attempts to restructure the Soviet economy to allow elements of free enterprise. What is glasnost? The policy of opening up Soviet society and the political process by granting greater freedom. What did the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) aim to accomplish? The INF restricted intermediate-range nuclear weapons. They also quieted some of the more bellicose Cold War The End of the Soviet Union Gorbachev reduced the Soviet Union’s involvement in their satellite states. What did that lead to in Eastern Europe and East and West Germany? The reduction of the Soviet Union’s involvement in their satellite states led to economic reform in the Soviet Union which provided greater freedom to other communist countries. The Spread of Reforms What did Lithuania, Georgia, and other Soviet republics do as a result of the democratic reforms sweeping through Eastern Europe? As a result of the democratic reforms sweeping through Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union was also swept into the movement. What happened in 1991 in regards to the Soviet Union and the Cold War? In 1991, the Warsaw Pact dissolved. Gorbachev’s reforms ultimately led to his political downfall and the end of the Soviet Union in December. New Challenges Explain the challenges that occurred as a result of the fall of the Soviet Union and end of the Cold War. So, what caused the end of the Cold War? Some of the challenges that occurred as a result of the fall of the Soviet Union and end of the Cold War were the interconnection of the world (trade-wise), which produced greater wealth for some. |
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