terminology for quiz 1

Terminology:

Paradigm	A framework, or overall worldview, on which knowledge claims are made Paradigms are the rules and conditions we use to understand those things we perceive Paradigms colour our perception by filtering information. These filters are conditioned by our experiences throughout life as we learn about our surroundings Id the paradigm changed it is called paradigm shift (ie, a geocentric view of the universe shifted to a heliocentric view of the universe)
Issue vs Problem	Issue: Generates concern about how the outcome will affect the well-being of the Earth Complex causes and solutions Controversial Involves Interrelated political, environmental, social and economic aspects Animal abuse Gun Control Problem: Smaller than an issue Requires a solution Problems don't necessarily involve different viewpoints or a disagreement on how to solve it My dog is sick Family held hostage
Patterns	Patterns occur over space Involve the arrangement of features on earth;s surface Most effectively displayed in maps
Trends	Trends occur over time Involve the changes in value of features through time Most effectively displayed in graphs (line & bar)
Spatial	What is where? Identifying where places are located on earthy based on natural and or human characteristics Why there? Analyzing the unique characteristics of each place Why care? Importance and impact Consider the spatial significance… The Nile river, without the river Egypt would have never existed
Bias	Prejudice in favour of or against one perspective, group, organization, thing, institution or individual
Mass Media	Mass Media Refers to all the various forms of communication used to reach a large population (region or country) Also refers to the organization, companies and /or individuals that won the media outlets
Mainstream vs Alternative Media	Mainstream Media Media that is distributed by the largest - most popular media outlets Alternative Media Refers to organizations that are general small not affiliated with large corporations and offer alternate views to those found in mainstream media
Types of Issues	Environmental Issues Impact the natural environment (ei rain forest) Impact the environment within which people interact with nature (ie a village or city) Political Issues About power and control Any organization that designs, administers and makes judgments about rules or control has power Social/Cultural Issues Interpersonal relations of relations among communities and included cultural factors Economic Issues Finances and the impact on the financial being of the country or countries involved
Characteristics of an Issue	Characteristics of Issues Complex: There are no simple answers There are many cause and effects relationships There are many myths and misconceptions surrounding the issue Interrelated Causes are interrelated Implications are widespread Controversial There will be many differences in opinion on how these problems solved and how they should be solved due to the number of passionate shareholders
4 Perspectives	Social: How the issue relates to/impacts people (individuals, organization, corporations) Economic: How the issue relates to/impacts money (cost, personal finances, the economy, trade ect) Environmental: Understanding how the issue relates to/impacts the natural world (wildlife, physical processes, water, atmosphere, ect) Political: How the issue relates to/impacts governments (laws, taxes, incentives, subsidies etc)
Types of Bias in Media	Bias in media Mainstream bias Reporting on stories that other media are reporting on, while ignoring others Sensational Bias Reporting on event that are unusual or rare, as if they are more common Often associated with entertainment value Gatekeeping bias Declining to report on stories or keeping stories covered up Coverage bias Reporting on only certain aspects of a story Coverage only focuses on one stakeholder in the story or one perspective Advertising bias Stories are covered up, selected or modified to appease advertisers Corporate bias When the owners of the medium have na agenda they want to push Only showing the corporations in a positive lights
Stakeholder	Stakeholder A person or a group of people who have a connection or a say in an issue They will be directly impacted by a human decision - either something to gain ro something to lose Often have strong feelings based on facts or opinions that align with one of the geographic perspectives Depending on where the get their facts, their perspectives could be bias
Ethnocentrism	Ethnocentrism Judging other people or cultures based on your own set of values and beliefs Assumption that one's own culture and way of life represent “the norm”
Cultural Relevance	The viewing of people's behavior from the perspective of their own culture
Types of Map Projections	Mercator Projection Used for navigation since 1569, is most common Compass direction along a straight line between 2 points on the moa are accurate Distortion in shape and size of regions (north is larger, tropics are smaller) Polar regions are larger, equatorial regions are smaller Still used by ships and pilots in many atlases for school use Robson Projection In use from 1988-1989 by National Geographic Minimizes the distortion of size and shape of most regions Badly compresses and distorts the shape of countries in polar region Winkel-Tripel Projection Created by Oswald Winkel in 1921 Prime Meridian and Equator are straight line while all other parallels and meridians are curved Adopted by National Geographic in 1998, replacing Robinson is it better represents the size and shape of Earth features, especially in the polar regions Galls-Peter Projection Used many textbooks Shows area-accurate view of the world Land mass size accurate, shape distorted Autha Graph Projection An equal-area type world map projection that was invented by Japanese architect Hajime Narukawa in 1999 This projection does not have some of the major distortions of the Mercator projection like the expansion of countries in far northern latitudes and allows for Antarctica ro be displayed accurately and as a whole continent
Cartographers	A person who draws maps
Perspective	We all have a focus that is normal for us, which is our worldview and provides a framework through which we see the world
Rules of Mapping	Must have an appropriate title that connects to the topic of the map - must be underlined Author and date of the map listed underneath the title All words need to be printed with capitals All words should be in black ink North arrow or compass must be included Legend must be included and placed within its own border Blue use only for water Irrelevant parts of the map shaded in grey