computer science:
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Lesson 1: What is AI – Simple Notes
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
AI is the creation of machines that can mimic human intelligence.
It involves learning, reasoning, and problem-solving like a human brain.
AI can be used to classify data, navigate spaces, and make decisions.
Examples of AI in Use
Facial and fingerprint recognition (e.g. phone security).
Speech recognition (used in virtual assistants and online banking).
AI opponents in video games.
Robot vacuum cleaners like Roomba.
Self-driving cars.
AI Milestones by Decade
1950s: Draughts-playing AI.
1960s: ELIZA chatbot.
1980s: ALVINN self-driving car.
1990s: IBM Deep Blue beat chess champion Kasparov.
2000s: Roomba robotic vacuum.
Neural Networks
Modeled after human brain neurons.
Help AI recognize patterns and make decisions.
Used in image recognition, driving decisions, etc.
AI in Object Classification (e.g. Fruit)
Rules help AI identify objects like apples:
Shape: round
Color: red
Hanging from a branch
Ripe: shiny, large, easy to pick
Self-Driving Cars
Use sensors and AI to interpret surroundings.
Example rules:
Go forward if road is clear.
Turn if road is blocked.
Stop and turn around if button is pressed.
Constantly decide things like speed, direction, and obstacle handling.
Definition of AI
Artificial Intelligence is a machine’s ability to think, learn, and make decisions like a human.
Uses of AI
Facial/speech recognition
Gaming opponents
Navigation (self-driving cars)
Sample AI Rules
“Quiet when asked” = good classroom behavior
“Sitting in chair” = positive behavior
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T1: Automated Systems – Simple Notes
What is an Automated System?
A system that performs tasks with minimal human input using:
Sensors (collect data)
Microprocessors (make decisions)
Actuators (carry out actions)
Common Sensors
Motion/Infrared: Detect movement
Light Sensor (LDR): Detects light levels
Temperature Sensor: Measures heat
Pressure Sensor: Detects tyre pressure
Magnetic Sensor: Detects door/window movement
Ultrasonic, Radar, LiDAR: Measure distances (used in vehicles)
Microprocessors
The brain of an automated system.
Processes input from sensors and controls outputs.
Often part of a microcontroller (includes RAM and ROM).
Actuators
Output devices that control physical systems.
Examples: open a valve, move a motor, trigger an alarm.
Examples of Automation in Different Areas
Transport: Cruise control, traffic lights, self-driving features
Railways: Automatic braking, signals, tunnel gas sensors
Aircraft: Autopilot, baggage handling
Industry: Factory robots, automated packaging, fluid pumping
Gaming: Automated logic, simulation cockpits
Agriculture, Science, Lighting: Monitoring and control systems
Self-Driving Cars
Use cameras, radar, ultrasonic sensors, and LiDAR to navigate and make decisions.
Advantages of Automated Systems
Can work 24/7 with high accuracy.
Reduce the number of workers needed.
Can operate in dangerous environments.
More accurate simulations (in gaming).
Disadvantages of Automated Systems
High setup cost.
Job losses or fewer job opportunities.
Machine errors can cause serious problems.
Review Checklist
5 automation areas: Transport, industry, agriculture, science, gaming.
4 sensors: Light, pressure, ultrasonic, temperature.
3 advantages: Works 24/7, accurate, fewer workers needed.
2 disadvantages: Expensive, job loss.
1 key component: Microprocessor (handles decision-making).
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Sensors – Simple Notes
What is a Sensor?
A sensor is an input device that measures a physical property (like temperature or pressure) and sends data to a computer or system.
The data from sensors is usually analogue (smooth, continuous, not exact steps).
Examples of Physical Properties Sensors Can Measure
Temperature
Sound
Pressure
Acceleration
Light intensity
Infra-red (heat)
Magnetic field
Moisture
pH level
Distance
What is Analogue Data?
Data that changes smoothly and doesn’t jump between fixed values.
Examples:
Thermometer: height of mercury
Speedometer: needle position
Seismometer: movement of the earth
Examples of Sensors and Their Uses
Temperature Sensors (Cars): Check engine and interior temperature; can activate fans or heating.
Pressure Sensors (Tyres): Monitor tyre pressure; alert driver if pressure is too low.
Proximity Sensors: Use ultrasound to detect nearby objects (e.g., help cars reverse safely).
Accelerometers: Measure acceleration and direction. Used in phones to detect screen orientation or in gaming controllers.
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Robotics – Simple Notes
What is a Robot?
A robot is an automated machine that can perform tasks with little or no human input.
Robotics is the science of designing, building, and operating robots.
Key Electrical Components of Robots
Sensors: Detect surroundings
Microprocessors: Control and process instructions
Actuators: Move parts like arms, legs, wheels
Where Robots Are Used
Industry: Car manufacturing, packaging — robots are fast, accurate, and don’t need breaks.
Agriculture: Sowing seeds, fertilising, harvesting — GPS and drones help in automation.
Medicine: Robotic arms assist in surgery — more precise and steady than humans.
Transport: Planes (autopilot), driverless trains, self-driving cars.
Domestic: Robot vacuums, lawn mowers — handle routine household tasks.
Entertainment: Robotic pets and toys like Aibo — can recognize faces, react to touch.
Advantages of Robots
Work 24/7 without breaks
Reduce human labor costs
High speed and precision
Can work in dangerous environments
Consistent results
Disadvantages of Robots
High purchase/replacement cost
Can be unreliable or lower quality than humans
Cause job loss
Reduce real human contact, especially in companionship roles