APUSH Review: Key People To Know (Periods 1 - 5)

APUSH Review: Key People To Know (Periods 1 - 5)

Introduction

• Overview of important figures from American history (APUSH) covering periods 1 to 5.

• Shoutout to various teachers and students from different schools for their support and best wishes for success in APUSH.

Period 1: Key People

• Juan de Sepulveda:

  • Advocated for the harsh treatment of Indigenous peoples.

  • Claimed that the enslavement of Native Americans was justified by Christianity.

• Bartolomé de Las Casas:

  • Argued that Natives deserved the same humane treatment as other men.

  • Played a significant role in the movement to end the Encomienda system, a form of labor exploitation of Indigenous peoples.

Period 2: Key People

• New England Colonies:

  • John Winthrop:

  • Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony (MBC), famously referred to the colony as a "City Upon a Hill" representing a model society.

  • Roger Williams:

  • Expelled from MBC; established Rhode Island, advocating for religious toleration.

  • Anne Hutchinson:

  • Challenged gender norms and was banished to Rhode Island due to her religious views and practices.

• Middle Colonies:

  • William Penn:

  • Founded Pennsylvania, promoting a society that was religiously and ethnically diverse.

• Enlightenment Thinkers:

  • John Locke:

  • Introduced the concept of natural rights, influencing the authors of the Declaration of Independence.

• The First Great Awakening:

  • Jonathan Edwards:

  • A prominent preacher who initiated the Great Awakening with his sermon “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.”

  • George Whitefield:

  • Renowned orator of the Great Awakening, contributed to the movement’s spread across the colonies.

Period 3: Key People

• Chief Pontiac:

  • Led Pontiac’s Rebellion, a conflict between Native Americans and English colonists following the Seven Years' War, resisting colonial encroachment.

• Benjamin Franklin:

  • Co-author of the Declaration of Independence; instrumental in garnering French support during the Revolutionary War.

• Mercy Otis Warren:

  • Influential writer and political activist who advocated for independence.

• Common Voices for Independence:

  • Diverse individuals from various social classes pushed for American independence.

• Thomas Paine:

  • Authored "Common Sense," a pamphlet that argued for America’s independence from British rule.

• Marquis de Lafayette:

  • A French nobleman who supported the American cause during the Revolutionary War and became a close aide to General Washington.

• Abigail Adams:

  • Wife of John Adams, famously urged her husband to “Remember the Ladies” whilst making new laws.

• Daniel Shays:

  • Veteran of the Revolutionary War who led Shays' Rebellion against farm foreclosures and high state taxes, which highlighted economic injustices and helped spur calls for a new Constitution.

• Founding Fathers:

  • John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison:

  • Collaborated to write “The Federalist Papers,” advocating for the ratification of the U.S. Constitution.

  • George Washington:

  • In his Farewell Address, warned against the divisive nature of political parties and entangling foreign alliances.

  • Thomas Jefferson:

  • Served as Secretary of State under Washington and led the Jeffersonians, a key faction in the first party system.

  • Alexander Hamilton:

  • Served as Secretary of Treasury under Washington and was a leader of the Federalists, significantly influencing the nation’s economic policies.

Period 4: Key People

• John Marshall:

  • Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 to 1834; his rulings strengthened federal authority over states, with landmark cases including Marbury v. Madison, Gibbons v. Ogden, and McCulloch v. Maryland.

• Henry Clay:

  • A key political figure associated with the American System, which aimed at promoting economic growth in America. Known as a three-time compromiser through the Missouri Compromise (1820), the Nullification Crisis (1833), and the Compromise of 1850.

• Andrew Jackson:

  • Leader of the Democratic Party; facilitated the removal of property requirements for voting, broadening the electorate to include white male adults.

• Eli Whitney:

  • Invented the cotton gin and popularized interchangeable parts in manufacturing, influencing the Industrial Revolution.

• John C. Calhoun:

  • Senator from South Carolina considered part of the “Great Triumvirate”; known for his assertion that “Slavery is a Positive Good.”

• Know-Nothing Party:

  • Anti-immigrant political party aimed at restricting immigrants' political influence and power.

• Abolitionists:

  • Denmark Vesey:

  • Planned one of the largest slave rebellions in South Carolina.

  • Nat Turner:

  • Led a notable slave revolt in Virginia in 1831, which further intensified abolitionist sentiments.

  • Frederick Douglass:

  • Former slave, impactful orator, and advocate for women’s rights, utilizing his life story to highlight the urgency of abolition.

  • William Lloyd Garrison:

  • Founder and publisher of "The Liberator," advocating for the immediate abolition of slavery without compensation to slave owners.

  • John Brown:

  • Known for his intense abolitionist activities during “Bleeding Kansas” and his raid on Harpers Ferry.

  • Harriet Tubman:

  • Key figure of the Underground Railroad, helping enslaved individuals escape to freedom.

• Reform Movements:

  • Dorothea Dix:

  • Advocated for the humane treatment of mentally ill individuals, leading reforms in mental health care.

  • Horace Mann:

  • Pioneered education reform, promoting universal public education.

  • Elizabeth Cady Stanton:

  • Key organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention, advocating for women's rights and suffrage.

• Religion:

  • Charles G. Finney:

  • Influential leader of the Second Great Awakening, promoting revivals and social reforms.

  • Brigham Young:

  • Leader of the Mormons who led their migration to Utah to establish a new settlement.

Period 5: Key People

• John L. O'Sullivan:

  • Coined the term “Manifest Destiny,” advocating for the expansion of the United States across the continent.

• David Wilmot:

  • Proposed the Wilmot Proviso aiming to ban slavery in territories acquired during the Mexican-American War.

• Abe Lincoln:

  • Promoted the “free-soil” platform, opposing the extension of slavery into new western territories, which later shaped his policies during the Civil War.

• Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens:

  • Notable Radical Republicans who pushed for strong measures against the Confederacy and consequently supported civil rights for African Americans.

• Hiram Revels:

  • The first African American elected to Congress, representing Mississippi during Reconstruction.

Conclusion

• Encouragement for students to study and prepare for their examinations in an organized manner.

• A reminder to revisit key figures and concepts integral to understanding early American history and their implications in contemporary society.