NVCC HIS 121 (DE) Mr. LeHew & ME. Wilkin Possible Topics for *Five Presidents" chapter test: likely objective questions. WASHINGTON

1. First Secretary of the Treasury

Thomas Jefferson

2. First president under the new Constitution

George Washington

3. First Secretary of State

Alexander Hamilton

4. First Secretary of War.

Henry Knox

5. First Attorney-General.

Edmund Randolph

6. Whiskey Rebellion 

Cause by Whiskey Law.The Whiskey Rebellion was a tax protest and armed uprising in the western parts of the United States, particularly in the frontier regions of Pennsylvania, between 1791 and 1794.

7. Did the Jay Treaty end impressment of American Seamen?:

No The Jay Treaty, signed in 1794 between the United States and Great Britain, aimed to improve relations. However, it did not effectively address the issue of impressment of American seamen by the British, and tensions persisted leading to further conflicts.

8.What were the 2 big ideas in Washington Farewell Address

Avoidance of Permanent Alliances.Washington cautioned against forming permanent alliances and getting entangled in the affairs of foreign nations. He advised a policy of neutrality and non-interference in the political struggles of other countries.

Preservation of National Unity. Washington emphasized the importance of maintaining national unity and avoiding sectionalism. He warned against the dangers of political parties and geographical factions, urging Americans to prioritize their identity as a united nation over regional or partisan loyalties.

9. Major ideas of the federalists

Favored a strong national government that shared some powers with the states Believed a strong national government was necessary to facilitate interstate commerce and to manage foreign trade, national defense, and foreign relations.

Believed that the Constitution did not need a bill of rights because the states had already provided for them in their constitutions.

10. Major ideas of the Democratic-Republicans. 

Limited Central Government.They advocated for a more limited federal government, with more power devolved to the states. They were wary of a strong central authority.

Strict Interpretation of the Constitution.Democratic-Republicans believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution, arguing that the federal government should only exercise powers explicitly granted by the Constitution.

Agrarian Society.They favored an agrarian society and believed that the strength of the nation lay in its independent farmers. This stood in contrast to the more industrial and commercial focus of the Federalists.

Opposition to National Bank. Democratic-Republicans were generally against the establishment of a national bank, viewing it as an unconstitutional concentration of economic power.

Pro-French Foreign Policy: They tended to support the French in foreign affairs, especially during the French Revolution, in contrast to the Federalists' pro-British stance.

11. What was the XYZ Affair? Who wanted the bribes? 

the U.S. sent three diplomats (Charles C. Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry) to negotiate with French officials. Instead of engaging in diplomatic discussions, they were approached by French intermediaries, referred to as X, Y, and Z (hence the name XYZ Affair), who demanded a bribe for the privilege of speaking to French officials.

The individuals seeking the bribe were agents of the French Foreign Minister, Talleyrand. The demand for bribes heightened tensions between the United States and France and led to anti-French sentiment in the U.S. President John Adams, upon revealing the affair, referred to the French agents as "X," "Y," and "Z" in official documents, keeping their identities confidential. This incident played a role in the escalation of the Quasi-War, an undeclared naval conflict between the U.S. and France.

12. What was shocking about the Alien and Seditions Acts? 

The Sedition Act had restrictions on Free Speech, a component of the legislation, criminalized false, scandalous, and malicious statements against the government. This was seen as a direct infringement on the First Amendment right to freedom of speech

The Alien Acts empowered the president to deport any non-citizen deemed "dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States" during peacetime and allowed the president to detain or deport enemy aliens during times of war. Critics argued that these provisions violated the rights of immigrants and undermined the principles of due process.

13. The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions–What is the meaning of nullify

The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions were political statements drafted in 1798 and 1799, respectively, by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson (Kentucky) and by John Taylor and John Breckinridge (Virginia). These resolutions were a response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, federal legislation that the authors deemed unconstitutional and a violation of states' rights.

The term "nullify" in the context of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions refers to the idea that states have the authority to declare federal laws they consider unconstitutional as void and unenforceable within their borders.

14. Problems with the election of 1800. Who got the same number of votes as Jefferson in the Electoral College? 

Thomas Jefferson and his running mate, Aaron Burr. Both Jefferson and Burr received 73 electoral votes.The tie created a constitutional crisis because, at the time, the electoral system did not distinguish between votes for president and vice president. According to the Constitution, if no candidate received a majority in the Electoral College, the election would be decided by the House of Representatives.This election led to the passage of the 12th Amendment, ratified in 1804, which revised the process for electing the president and vice president to avoid such ties and ensure a clearer distinction between the two offices in the electoral process

15. What was the impact in the United States of the successful slave revolt in Haiti?

 People feared slave uprising in the us

16. What was the attempted slave revolt near Richmond in 1800?

Gabriel’s Rebellion

17. What was the importance of the Supreme Court's decision in Marbury v Madison (1803)? 

It established the principle of judicial review in the United States. Chief Justice John Marshall, writing the opinion for the Court, asserted the authority of the judiciary to review and potentially invalidate acts of Congress that are in conflict with the Constitution.

18. What was the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804-1806?  

The primary objectives of the expedition were to explore the newly acquired Louisiana Purchase territory and  find a practical route across the western portion of North America, and establish American presence in the region.They first went to  the ohio river then the northern mississippi river then the missouri river  then the columbia river.

19. Why did Jefferson send the U.S. Navy to fight the Barbary pirates? 

In response to the ongoing attacks on American merchant ships by the Barbary pirates. These Barbary states demanded tribute payments from nations in exchange for safe passage in the Mediterranean. When negotiations between the United States and the Barbary states broke down and the pirates continued to seize American ships and sailors for ransom.Thomas Jefferson put his foot down and sent the U.S Navy

20. To avoid involvement in the Napoleonic Wars in Europe, Jefferson got Congress to pass

the Embargo Act. What was the result? 

It prohibited American ships from trading with foreign nations. The primary goals were to protect American interests, avoid impressment of American sailors, and maintain neutrality.

However, the Embargo Act had significant negative consequences economically especially.The sudden halt of international trade severely impacted the U.S. economy. American merchants, especially those engaged in overseas trade, suffered substantial financial losses. It was particularly unpopular in New England, where the economy was heavily dependent on international trade. 

21.Describe Alexander Hamilton's financial plan. Alexander Hamilton's financial plan, introduced in the early 1790s during George Washington's presidency, aimed to address the economic challenges facing the United States after the Revolutionary War. The key components of Hamilton's plan included:

Assumption of State Debts. Hamilton proposed that the federal government assume the Revolutionary War debts incurred by the individual states. This move aimed to consolidate the debt at the national level and establish the federal government's creditworthiness.

Creation of a National Bank.Hamilton advocated for the establishment of a national bank, the First Bank of the United States. The bank would manage the government's finances, issue a stable national currency, and provide loans to stimulate economic growth.

Tariffs and Import Duties:Hamilton proposed protective tariffs on imported goods to encourage domestic manufacturing and generate revenue for the federal government. This protectionist measure aimed to foster economic self-sufficiency.

Excise Tax To further generate revenue, Hamilton recommended excise taxes, particularly on domestically produced distilled spirits. This led to the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794, as some farmers opposed the tax.

Funding and Assumption Act. This legislation, passed in 1790, combined the assumption of state debts with the authorization to issue new bonds to pay off old debts. It aimed to establish the credit of the United States.

Hamilton's financial plan faced opposition, particularly from Thomas Jefferson and his followers, who argued for a more agrarian and decentralized economic system. Despite the controversies, many elements of Hamilton's plan were implemented and laid the foundation for the financial system of the United States.

B. What was the bargain that put the nation's capital on the Potomac River? 

The bargain that led to the placement of the nation's capital on the Potomac River is known as the Compromise of 1790 or the Residence Act of 1790. Alexander Hamilton, the Secretary of the Treasury, and Thomas Jefferson, the Secretary of State, negotiated this compromise between Northern and Southern states.

In exchange for Southern support for Alexander Hamilton's financial plan, which included the assumption of state debts by the federal government, the capital of the United States was moved from its temporary location in New York City to a new site along the Potomac River. This site would later become Washington, D.C. The Residence Act was signed into law by President George Washington on July 16, 1790. This compromise aimed to ease regional tensions and create a more unified nation.

C. Which president arranged the Louisiana Purchase and why was it important?

Thomas jefferson arranged the Louisiana purchase and his reason was to  to double american land,more agricultural,have access to the new orleans