6.1 and 6.2

6.1

History Study Guide

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6.1 - The New Imperialism

Lesson Objectives

• Explain the political, economic, and social causes of European imperialism

• Understand how technology and other factors contributed to the spread of imperialism

• Describe the characteristics of imperial rule

• Summarize the cultural, political, and social effects of imperialism

New Imperialism - Period of intensified expansion through the use of diplomacy or military force (19th century) the 1800s -> WW1

Motivating Factors that spurred European IMperialism

• Power

• Supplies

• Population

• Social Status

• Evolution

• Creation of jobs

• More power

European Discovery -> Expansion/Empire Building

• Spread Culture

  • “Racial superiority”

  • “Social Darwinism”

• European countries grew -> other non western countries in decline

  • (Stronger economy, armies, gov., advanced technology

• Direct/Indirect

  • Made rules, local rulers

• Protectorate

  • Local rulers in place

  • Lesser than a colony

• Sphere of Influence

  • Outside power claimed an area for privileges

• Effects of Imperialism

  • Completely changed scope of entire countries (politically, economically, socially)

• Benefits?

  • Railroads, roads, improved medicine, more jobs, tech grew

READING NOTES:

European Expansion in Age of Discovery

• European nations gained small outposts overseas

• PORTUGAL

  • Set up colonies in America

  • Southeast Asia

• SPAIN

  • Seized control of the Philippine Islands

  • Set up colonies in America

  • Southeast Asia

• BRITAIN

  • Set up colonies in America

  • Fierce rivals for trading rights in India

• NETHERLANDS

  • Southeast Asia

• FRENCH

  • Set up colonies in America

  • Fierce rivals for trading rights in India

• CHINA

  • Limited trade with Europeans

• JAPAN

  • Limited trade with Europeans

Expansion Turns into Empire Building

• European nations turned rich

• New economic and military strength

• Industrial nations scrambled for territories

  • Provide with raw materials and serve as markets

• Imperialism exploded out of a combination of causes

  • Economic

  • Political

  • Military

  • Humanitarian

  • Religious

Need for Resources

• Manufacturers wanted access to natural resources

  • Rubber

  • Petroleum

  • Manganese for steel

  • Palm oil

• Bankers

• Valuable outlet for rapidly growing populations

Political/Military Motives

• Steam-powered merchant ships

• Naval vessels

• Seized islands or harbors to satisfy

• Seizing territories

• Countries fought

• Western leaders claimed colonies needed to protect

Humanitarian and Religious Goals

• Needed help or guidance

• Missionaries/doctors/colonial officials

• Medicine/law/ CHRISTIAN RELIGION

Influence of Social Darwinism

• Natural selection and survival of fittest to human societies

• European race -> SUPERIOR

• Societies were deemed inferior

European powers of Europe

• Britain,

• France

• Germany

• Austria-Hungary

• Russia

• Italy

Vulnerable Non-Western States

• Older civilizations in decline

• Ottomans faced challenges

• Mughal week rulers

• Quing rulers resisted modernization

• African lived in small communities with now kingdom

Western Advantages

• Strong economies

• Well organized governments

• Powerful armies and navies

• Telegraph

• Medicine

• New weaponry

• Divisions among local rulers to keep from joining forces against new people

Some Resist Imperialism

• Africa and Asia resisted Western expansion

• Fought invaders/ no weapons though

• Strengthen societies against outsiders

• Struggle against imperialism continued

• Nationalist movements were emerging

• Used Enlightenment ideas about freedom and liberty

Critics at Home

• Small group emerged

• Colonialism was a tool of the rich

• Called imperialism immoral

• Imposing undemocratic rule

Direct and Indirect Rule

• French practiced direct rule

• Sending officials and soldiers

• Impose French culture on the colonies

• British used indirect rule

• Governor and council of advisers made laws

• Encouraged children of the local ruling to get education

• Did not replace traditional rulers with European officials

• Limited power and did not influence government

• Traditional rulers no longer had power of influence

Other types of Imperial Rule

• Proctorate

  • Local rulers left in place

  • Expected to follow advice

    • Trade and missionary activity

  • Cost less to run a colony

• Sphere of influence

  • Outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading

  • Carved spheres of influence

    • China and elsewhere

  • US claimed parts of Latin America

Early Globalization

• Worldwide consequences

• New inventions

• Affected colonization and imperialism

• Conquer areas in other parts

• Changed

  • Trade

  • Political systems

  • Cultures

  • Economies

  • Populations

Political Changes

• Set up governments that reflected Europe's own traditions

• Legal systems

• African societies saw principals as unjust

• Drew borders around territories

• Split ethnic or cultural groups

• Lumped people who shared no common heritage together

Economic Changes

• Tapped local mineral and agricultural resources

• Mineral resources were lacing colonial powers

• Cash crops

  • Rubber

  • Cotton

  • Palm oil

  • Peanuts

• Raw materials for factories

• Sold their manufactured goods to their colonies

• Manufactured goods

• Machine made goods destroyed indigenous cottage industries

Growth of a Money Economy

• Salaries for officials and military

• Building things

• Local people had to pay taxes

• Sell their labor

• Working on large plantations and factories

• Indentured servants or forced laborers

• Shipped across the world

Social and Cultural Changes

• Breakdown of traditional cultures

• Before Europeans

  • Lived in close-knit villages that has subsistence economies

• Produced goods needed for trading

• Needed cash as economy grew

• MEn often took jobs in distant mines or plantations

• Long absences undermined family life

• Moved to colonial cities

• Close-knit village life declined

• Christian works to win converts

  • Reject traditional beliefs and customs

• Set up schools that emphasized superiority of Western civilization

• Colonies embraced Christianity

Change Brings Benefits and Disadvantages

• New imperialism broke down traditional patterns of life

• Colonial rule brought important benefits

• Developed colonies economically

  • Building roads

  • Railroads

  • Setting up telegraph systems

• Railroads

  • Built to benefit colonial rulers

  • Linked plantations and mines to ports

  • Cash crops and raw materials were shipped overseas

  • Allowed colonial governments to extend their control

• Improved medical care

  • Better methods of sanitation

  • Set up hospitals and clinics

  • Improving healthcare

• New tools

  • Improved farming methods

  • Increased food production

6.2

History Study Guide

6.2 - European Colonies in Africa

Lesson Objectives

• Describe the forces that shaped Africa in the early 1800s

• Explain why European contact with Africa increased

• Analyze how European nations carved up Africa

• Describe African resistance to imperialism

Before European scramble for African Colonies

• Continent was diverse

  • Language/gov/culture

• N. Africa

  • was weakening under Muslim rule

• W. Africa

  • Powerful states emerging

• S. Africa

  • Caught in series of wars

• E. Africa

  • Trade in enslaved Africans

• Europeans traded w/ Africans

  • Prevented from moving in

  • AFRICAN RESISTANCE

King Leopold II of Belgium

• Seized the Congo

• Led to Berlin Conference

  • Ground rules for colonizing Africa

Resisted European imperialism

• Algerians

• Zulus

• Asante

• Ethopians

  • One kingdom that fought the Europeans

  • Defeated the Italians trying to invade

READING NOTES:

Africa’s Continent

• 3x the size of Europe

• Diverse regions and cultures

• Spoke many languages

• Varied governments

• Village communities

• Centralized states

• Nomadic societies

North Africa

• Fertile land along the Mediterranean/ Sahara

• Region part of Muslim world

• Ruled by weakening Ottoman empire

Islamic Revival in West Africa

• Islamic reform brought change

• Fulani people (Northern Nigeria)

• Usman dan Fodio

  • Denounced the corruption of local Hausa rulers

  • Social and religious reforms

  • States arose built on trade, farming, and herding

  • Ruled the Sokoto Caliphate

    • Largest empire in Africa

    • 1500 miles

    • 30 emirates

  • Inspired other Muslim reform movements

  • Islamic leaders replaced old rulers

• Asante Kingdom

  • Traded with both Europeans and Muslims

  • Limited

  • Controlled smaller states

  • Ready to turn to other protectors who would help defeat

East Africa

• Center of major trade routes

• Red Sea to port cities Mombasa and Kilwa

• Suffered setbacks when Portuguese arrived

• Sent trading ships to Red Sea or Persian Gulf

• Exchanged ivory and copper from Central Africa

  • Cloth and firearms

• Human captives

  • Made enslaved people to Middle East

Southern Africa

• Zulu people migrated in the 1500s

• Emerged as a major force in southern Africa

• Ruler - SHAKA

• War disrupted life across southern Africa

• Migrated north

  • Conquering

• Zulus faced new threat

  • Arrival

  • Well-armed mounted BOERS

• Boers

  • Descendants of Dutch farmers who migrating north from Cape Colony

  • Resented British laws that abolished slavery

  • Interfered with their way of life

  • Started north

• 1806

  • Cape Colony had passed from Dutch to British

• “Great Trek”

• Boers vs Zulus

  • Fighting quickly broke out

  • Zulu held their own

  • Zulu spears could not defeat Boer guns

Impact of Slave Trade

• Transporting them in horrible conditions on ships

• Work in plantations and mines in Americas

• Arabs and Africans traded enslaved people

• Slowly began to outlaw slave trade

• Resettling people freed from slavery in Africa

• British organized Sierra Leone in West Africa as a colony

• Free Black people from US founded settlement near Liberia

• 1847

  • Liberia had become an independent state

• Slavery still existed

• Slave traders seize captives

  • From East and Central Africa

• Enslaved people -> high demand

• Abolitionist and European explorers demanded action to end it

Trade

• 1400s through 1700s

• Along African coast

• Knew very little about continent

• Relied enslaved people and trade

  • Ivory

  • Gold

• Interest increased

• Europeans explored rivers of Africa

• Disease had kept Europeans from moving

• 1880

  • Medical advanced

  • River steamships

Explorers Push into Africa’s Interior

• Mungo Park and Richard Burton

  • Set out to map NIGER, NILE, CONGO rivers

• Fascinated by African geography

• Little understanding of people they met

• Endured hardships

Missionaries Follow Explorers

• Catholic and Protestant missionaries

• Sought win people to Christianity

• Built

  • Schools

  • Medical clinics

  • Churches

• Westers took paternalistic view of Africans

  • “Children in need of guidance”

• African cultures and religions “degraded”

• Reject African cultures for Western civilization

Livingstone’s Explorations

• David Livingstone

  • British doctor

  • Missionary

  • Captured imaginations of Westerners

• Wrote about people he met

  • More sympathy and less bias

    • Than most Europeans

• Europeans credit him “discovering”

  • The huge waterfalls on Zambezi River

  • Named them “Victoria Falls”

• Africans known them as

  • Mosi oa Tunya

• Henry Stanley

  • Trekked into central africa to find Livingstone

    • Not been heard from for years

  • Finally tracked him down in 1871

  • LEGENDARY QUESTION

    • Dr. Livingstone, I presume?

King Leopold II

• Hired Stanley to explore Congo River

  • Arrange trade treaties with African leaders

• Civilizing mission to carry the light

  • “That for millions of men still plunged in barbarism will be the dawn of a better era.”

• Dreamed of conquest and profit

• Set scramble by other nations

• BRITAIN, FRANCE, GERMANY

  • Pressing rival claims to region

• Scramble for Africa begun

Berlin Conference

• European powers met at an international conference

• 1884

• Berlin, Germany

• No Africans invited to conference

• Recognized Leoopold’s private claims

• Called for free trade on Congo and Niger rivers

• Outcome

  • European power could not claim any part of Africa unless it had set up a government office there

• European powers partitioned almost the entire continent

• Established new borders and frontiers

• Redrew the map of Africa

Leopold’s Horror in Congo

• Exploited the riches of Congo

  • Copper

  • Rubber

  • Ivory

• Horrifying reports filtered out of the region

• Torturing/brutalizing villagers

• Laborers

  • Savagely beaten or mutilated

  • Population declined drastically

• Personal colony to Belgian government

• 1908

  • Belgian Congo

• Worst abuses were ended

• Possession to be exploited

  • For own enrichment

• Africans given little or no role in government/ect.

• Went to western investors in the miles

France Expands Its Territory

• Took giant share of Africa

• Invaded and conquered Algeria in North Africa

• Tens of thousands

  • French lives

  • Algerians Lives

• Influence extended into Mediterranean into Tunisia

• Gained colonies in West and Central Africa

• French empire

  • AS LARGE AS US

Britain’s Share

• Smaller and more scattered than France

• More heavily populated regions

  • Rich resources

• Took chunks of West and East Africa

• Gained control of

  • Egypt

  • South Sudan

  • Southern Africa

• Cecil Rohdes

  • Passionate imperialist who made fortune in mining S. Africa

  • Dreamed of building a “Cape to Cairo” railway

    • Link British possessions from Cape Town to Cario

  • “I care nothing about money for its own sake. But it is a power - and I do like power.”

  • Extend African empire by one million square miles

Boer War

• Britain clashed with Boers

• Birtain acquired Cape Colony from Dutch in 1806

• Gold and diamonds

  • Led to conflict

• 1899 to 1902

  • Bitter guerrilla fighting

  • British Won

• United Cape Colony and former Boer republics into

  • UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA

• Set government

Other Nations Join the Scramble

• Power scramble

• Bolster their national image

• Portuguese carved out colonies in

  • ANGOLA AND MOZAMBIQUE

• Italy occupy Libya

  • Parts of South Africa

• Germany united in 1871

  • Bismarck

• Bismarck

  • Little interest in overseas expansion

  • Realized importance

  • Took lands in Southwest Africa

  • East Africa

  • Cameroon and Togo

• “We do not want to put anyone in the shade, but we also demand our place in the sun.”

Resistance

• Europeans met armed resistance

• North Africa

  • Algerians vs French expansion

• West Africa

  • Samori Touré vs French forces

• West Africa

  • Ibo and Fulani vs British advance

• Southern Africa

  • Zulus vs British domination

Women Leaders of Resistance

• West Africa

  • Asante Kingdom

  • King was exiled

  • Put them under command of Queen

    • Yaa Asantewaa

      • Led fight against British in the last war

• Zimbabwe

  • Nehanda

    • Spiritual leader of Shona people

    • Inspired Shona to resist British rule

    • Captured and executed by British

    • Inspired courage for generations

Ethiopia Remains Independent

• Ethiopia resisted European colonization

  • Remained independent

• Divided among rival princes who ruled

• Menelik II

  • Began modernizing his country

  • Hired Europeans to plan roads and bridges and schools

  • Latest weapons

  • Train army

• Helped win invasion from ITALY

• Ethiopia and Liberia

  • Nations to preserve independence

Resistance Against Germany

• East Africa

  • Germans fought wade-ranging wars

• 1890s

  • Uhehe harried German forces

• Germans

  • Gained control from fear

  • Killed or driven off the land

  • Forced laborers for settlers

• Maji Maji War erupted

  • Germans triumphed after burning acres and acres of farmland

    • Death by starvations

• Limiting factors of African resistance

  • Slave Trading states in East Africa

    • Disrupted small societies and made more Africans more sympathetic to European societies

  • Outbreak of rinderpest/cattle disease/disastrous famine

    • Killed 95% of all cattle

    • Led to malnutrition and other diseases

    • Couldn’t fight invaders

New African Elite

• Educated Africans

  • Upper class

  • Elite

• Emerged in Africa

• Middle class

  • Armored Western ways and rejected own culture

• Valued ancient traditions and condemned Western societies

  • Upheld liberty and equality for white Western people

• African leaders were forging nationalist movements

  • Pressure self-determination and independence