History Final Exam 23-24
CHAPTER 19: THE WORLD WAR I ERA (1914-1920) What brought the United States into their first global conflict?
The Zimmerman telegram, Mexico was urged by Germany to attack the US in exchange for territory. Then, when the Brittish passenger ship The Lusitania was sunk, Americans died as a result.
President Wilson preached isolationaism/neautrality, but seeing as the attacks would go on, he intervened because the world must be made safe for democracy.
MAIN: The first global conflict was World War 1, which was caused by Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism and Nationalism.
Militarism is the policy of military preparedness and building up weapons. Nations started creating a lot of weapons and ammunition very quickly.
Alliances is the formal agreement signed by nations. If one country goes to war, allies are obligated to support them. As one country grew stronger, so did its alliances.
Imperialism is the practice of extending a nation’s power by gaining more territories.
Nationalism is the extreme pride that people feel for their country. This overconfidence in one's country allows them to believe that in the event of a war, they will be victorious.
What effect did this conflict have on the citizens of the United States?
posters were used to spread messages to the citizens in regard to the war effort. (Posters promoted daylight savings, victory gardens, liberty bonds)
Anyone who spoke against the war-effort was prosecuted, also made illegal under the Sedition Act and Espionage act.
What effect did this conflict have upon the world’s view of the democratic system?
The Treaty of Versailles was implemented on the Germans as their punishment for their destruction. President Wilson wanted the world to go back to peace.
Countries such as France and Brittain wanted Germany to face harsher consequences and face war reparations. Italy had less of a say as they switched alliances.
Homefront Effort:
Selective Service Act: every male 18-45 had to join the military. Only certain people were exempted from the war draft.
The spread of Propaganda through Testimonial, Virtue Words, name calling/dehumanizing, bandwagon, fear among the Central powers.
Assassination:Austria’s Archduke (Franz Ferdinand and his wife) were assassinated by Gavrillo Princip, a Serbian nationalist, because of Austria’s threat to Serbian’s independence. (The annex of Bosnia)
Domino effect: Austria declares war on Serbia. Germany, allies with Austria, had to support them. Russia has alliances with Serbia. France and Russia are allies, so Germany declares war on France as well. Germany attacks Belgium, allies with the British, war is declared on Germany.
Serbia → Austria Hungary →Germany →Russia →France →England →USA
Technology & weapons: Larger tanks, chemical gase, barbed wires, machine guns, rifles
League of Nations: An organization that followed Wilson’s points where they resolved conflict before immediately declaring war
Schenck v. United States (1919): Schenck was arrested under the Espionage Act. They ruled in favor of the US. Schenck brought up the argument that he maintained his free speech clause of the first amendment.
As a result, the Supreme Court argued that wartime circumstances changed the rights of free speech and created the “clear and present danger” rule.
Peace effort: The (big four) four leaders of France, Italy, Great Brittain, and America met together to discuss reparations that Germany had to pay.
Alliances:
The allied powers: USA, France, Great Brittain, russia, Serbia
the central powers: Germany, Austria-hungary, ottoman empire
The Triple Entente between the Brittish, French, and Russian.
The Triple Alliance between Germany, Austria Hungary, and Italy.
CHAPTER 20-21: THE ROARING TWENTIES (1920-1929)
How did American society and culture change in the 1920’s? American culture changed in the 1920’s due to the economic boom after the war.
Introduction of the Assembly Line Method, allowing workers to perform tasks on an automobile. Made wages better and hired people of color and all religions. Repetitive task burned them out.
Introduction of installment buying, a payment plan over time.
Introduction of new culture from the Harlem Renaissance
Womens rights and Al Capone/prohibition
How did life change for women, African Americans, and immigrants?
Women's Rights: Women were traditionally seen as mothers, working at home, caring for the family, and supporting their husbands.
In the 1920s, women began fighting for their right to vote through speeches, writing, lectures, protesting, and lobbying.
The 19th Amendment granted women the right to vote.
African Americans: When the Great Migraton occurred, Africans infiltrated white neighborhoods and took their jobs, making them feel threatened.
Post-war, African Americans hoped for equal treatment but faced similar treatment.
Protests for equality rights began during the Harlem Renaissance, an era of different art and music.
To prevent this, violence was a common occurence (burning/lynching).The Ku Klux Klan overgrew, leading to death.
Immigrants' Life Changes
Many nativists did not welcome immigrants, leading to deportations and arrests.
Never hired for jobs, fear of anarchism/communism
What forces opposed these changes?
The 18th Amendment and the 1920s Business Boom
Prohibition, the 18th amendment, banned the manufacture and transportation of alcoholic beverages.
Prohibition turned normal citizens into criminals overnight. Alcohol was believed to be the root of all problems, society and for wives.
Al Capone was a gangster who ran speakeasies and bootlegging alcohol. Suspected perpetrator of the valentine's day massacre, when men met up for alcohol and got shot instead.
The Palmer Raids + Red Scare
Red scare- Widespread fear of communists, anarchists, and radical
Palmer raids- The government arrested suspected communists, resulting in the loss of innocent lives.
Sacco and Vanzetti: two Italian immigrants that were wrongfully accused of murder b/c of heritage, they were given the death sentence despite the worldwide protests
CHAPTERS 22 & 23: THE GREAT DEPRESSION & NEW DEAL (1929-1939)
What were the causes that brought the U.S. into its worst economic depression?
American Installment Buying led to credit debt, reducing consumerism.
Smoot Hawley Tariff on American goods, reducing world trade.
Stock market crash, bank failures, reduced purchasing, American Economy Policy with Europe, and Drought Conditions were key causes.
Post-market crash, billions of investments were wiped out, leading to reduced spending and increased unemployment.
Dust Bowl- the result of a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged agriculture
Farm failures, farmers couldnt keep up with the inflation and Dust-bowl ruined all crops.
How was the nation affected by this economic collapse?
Factories were shut down, farms and homes were lost to foreclosure, mills and mines were abandoned. Many people couldnt support themselves because of unemployment.
How did the Hoover Administration respond?
Hoover signed into law the Emergency Relief Construction Act, which allowed the RFC to lend $300 million to the states for relief programs and $1.5 billion for public works projects. Hoover also persuaded Congress to establish Federal Home Loan Banks to help protect people from losing their homes.
How did the New Deal influence the nation and ease the effects of the Great Depression?
Roosevelt's "New Deal" aimed at promoting economic recovery and putting Americans back to work through intervention. New Federal agencies stabilize wages and prices, and create a vast public works program for the unemployed. Relief recovery reform.
WPA - Works Progress administration, gave construction jobs to people
FDIC - supplying insurance and restoring trust in banks
CCC- hired unemployed white men to do conservation work
Many doubts about the New Deal because it took too long and was putting the country into even more debt.
Hoover - Rugged individualism and Laissez faire capitalism, hands off government, no federal intervention
Election of 1932 - FDR (democrat) widely supported then hoover (republican), wanted any president but him
CHAPTERS 24 & 25: WORLD WAR II (1939-1945).
What are the causes and effects of the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor?
The US cut off fuel and oil to Japan. Japan wanted to weaken US naval + capture supplies.
The attack killed thousands of soldiers and destroyed many U.S Navy ships. It brought the United States into the war.
Was the United States justified in their use of Japanese Internment Camps?
Japanese Internment Camps- the camps established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt forced Japanese Americans to relocate to concentration camps. The camps were ringed with barbed wire and fences with armed guards.
The reason for these camps was the worry that the American government has of Japanese espionage. Worried about much more fatal events, it was cautiounary.
Thousands of Japanese Americans died in the camps. There were poorly built houses and Armed guards would occasionally shoot anyone that tried to escape.
The Supreme Court ruled that the Japanese Internment Camps were justified as it was for wartime necessity, ensuring the safety of the country. Though, not all Japanese-Americans believed in the attack which isolated them from their country.
What is the significance of the Allies’ D-Day invasion of France?
Allies’ D-Day invasion of France- 7,000 ships came to Omaha Beach, Normandy France. Troops by sea and air invaded Normandy which was taken over by the Nazi. The reason for this invasion was in hopes to liberate Western Europe and defeat Nazi Germany.
This was significant because it led to the liberation of France, denying Germany any further power. It put the Allies on a path of victory.
What role did American industry and science play in mobilizing to fight WWII?
The American Industry manufactured war goods and weapons. America led the world in arms production-making an ample amount of supplies to fill its military needs.
Physicists like Oppenheimer and Einstein created the atomic bomb.
The atomic bomb brought death and massive destruction toNagasaki and Hiroshima. Physicists worked together to gather information on the materials and chemicals required to make the atomic bomb.
Was the United States justified in dropping the Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki?
Dropping the atomic bomb would end the war successfully and the quickest way to end it, justified the effort and expense of building the bombs, it would prevent the deaths of Americans.
Japan caused destruction in the Philippines and China, leading to the Rape of Nanking, and the Bataan Death March, resulting in thousands of civilian deaths and thousands of American soldiers being captured.
Allies- United States, Great Britain, France, Soviet Union
Axis- Germany, Japan, Italy
Totalitarianism- A totalitarian government that exerts total control over a nation
Adolf Hitler - Served in WW1, he joined a small party called the Nazi Party. His powerful speaking skills made him the leader. Hitler tried to overthrow the German government in 1923, but failed. When the Nazi party grew, Hitler was made chancellor.
Neautrality act: Prevented international involvement by banning the US from providing weapons to nations at war,banned loans, and selling arms.
Lend-Lease act: The US would aid any nation whose defense was vital for American security. (Us sent aid to Brittain, then USSR).
The US began to restrict trade to prevent the expansion of Japan. The US wanted to avoid war.
The war ended when the Soviet union surrounded Berlin, Hitler commited suicide and then Germany surrendered. it wasnt actually over as the allies needed to defeat Japan.
Kristallnacht: The night of broken class. The Nazis destroyed Jewish stores, houses, and synagogues. They also arrested a bunch of Jews that night and sent them to concentration camps.
The Manhattan Project - American-led effort to develop a working atomic bomb during WW2 with the help of physicists Albert Einstein and Robet Oppenheimer.
The first bomb was dropped in Hiroshima, and the second bomb was dropped in Nagasaki.
Japan accepted the terms for surrender, made official aboard the USS missouri.
The Munich Agreement: England and France tried to keep out of war with Germany by appeasement, giving into demands in order to keep the peace. Hitler wanted sudentenland, so the allies agreed but nobody consulted Czechoslovakia.
War in the Pacific:
Island Hopping (Gradually took control of small islands leading up to Japan)
Constructed tunnels and used local materials as resources
Japanese Mentality: citizens feared US, threw babies off cliffs
REFUSED TO SURRENDER ~ believed it was dishonorable
Suicide because of nationalism, refused to let america see victory,
CHAPTER 19: THE WORLD WAR I ERA (1914-1920) What brought the United States into their first global conflict?
The Zimmerman telegram, Mexico was urged by Germany to attack the US in exchange for territory. Then, when the Brittish passenger ship The Lusitania was sunk, Americans died as a result.
President Wilson preached isolationaism/neautrality, but seeing as the attacks would go on, he intervened because the world must be made safe for democracy.
MAIN: The first global conflict was World War 1, which was caused by Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism and Nationalism.
Militarism is the policy of military preparedness and building up weapons. Nations started creating a lot of weapons and ammunition very quickly.
Alliances is the formal agreement signed by nations. If one country goes to war, allies are obligated to support them. As one country grew stronger, so did its alliances.
Imperialism is the practice of extending a nation’s power by gaining more territories.
Nationalism is the extreme pride that people feel for their country. This overconfidence in one's country allows them to believe that in the event of a war, they will be victorious.
What effect did this conflict have on the citizens of the United States?
posters were used to spread messages to the citizens in regard to the war effort. (Posters promoted daylight savings, victory gardens, liberty bonds)
Anyone who spoke against the war-effort was prosecuted, also made illegal under the Sedition Act and Espionage act.
What effect did this conflict have upon the world’s view of the democratic system?
The Treaty of Versailles was implemented on the Germans as their punishment for their destruction. President Wilson wanted the world to go back to peace.
Countries such as France and Brittain wanted Germany to face harsher consequences and face war reparations. Italy had less of a say as they switched alliances.
Homefront Effort:
Selective Service Act: every male 18-45 had to join the military. Only certain people were exempted from the war draft.
The spread of Propaganda through Testimonial, Virtue Words, name calling/dehumanizing, bandwagon, fear among the Central powers.
Assassination:Austria’s Archduke (Franz Ferdinand and his wife) were assassinated by Gavrillo Princip, a Serbian nationalist, because of Austria’s threat to Serbian’s independence. (The annex of Bosnia)
Domino effect: Austria declares war on Serbia. Germany, allies with Austria, had to support them. Russia has alliances with Serbia. France and Russia are allies, so Germany declares war on France as well. Germany attacks Belgium, allies with the British, war is declared on Germany.
Serbia → Austria Hungary →Germany →Russia →France →England →USA
Technology & weapons: Larger tanks, chemical gase, barbed wires, machine guns, rifles
League of Nations: An organization that followed Wilson’s points where they resolved conflict before immediately declaring war
Schenck v. United States (1919): Schenck was arrested under the Espionage Act. They ruled in favor of the US. Schenck brought up the argument that he maintained his free speech clause of the first amendment.
As a result, the Supreme Court argued that wartime circumstances changed the rights of free speech and created the “clear and present danger” rule.
Peace effort: The (big four) four leaders of France, Italy, Great Brittain, and America met together to discuss reparations that Germany had to pay.
Alliances:
The allied powers: USA, France, Great Brittain, russia, Serbia
the central powers: Germany, Austria-hungary, ottoman empire
The Triple Entente between the Brittish, French, and Russian.
The Triple Alliance between Germany, Austria Hungary, and Italy.
CHAPTER 20-21: THE ROARING TWENTIES (1920-1929)
How did American society and culture change in the 1920’s? American culture changed in the 1920’s due to the economic boom after the war.
Introduction of the Assembly Line Method, allowing workers to perform tasks on an automobile. Made wages better and hired people of color and all religions. Repetitive task burned them out.
Introduction of installment buying, a payment plan over time.
Introduction of new culture from the Harlem Renaissance
Womens rights and Al Capone/prohibition
How did life change for women, African Americans, and immigrants?
Women's Rights: Women were traditionally seen as mothers, working at home, caring for the family, and supporting their husbands.
In the 1920s, women began fighting for their right to vote through speeches, writing, lectures, protesting, and lobbying.
The 19th Amendment granted women the right to vote.
African Americans: When the Great Migraton occurred, Africans infiltrated white neighborhoods and took their jobs, making them feel threatened.
Post-war, African Americans hoped for equal treatment but faced similar treatment.
Protests for equality rights began during the Harlem Renaissance, an era of different art and music.
To prevent this, violence was a common occurence (burning/lynching).The Ku Klux Klan overgrew, leading to death.
Immigrants' Life Changes
Many nativists did not welcome immigrants, leading to deportations and arrests.
Never hired for jobs, fear of anarchism/communism
What forces opposed these changes?
The 18th Amendment and the 1920s Business Boom
Prohibition, the 18th amendment, banned the manufacture and transportation of alcoholic beverages.
Prohibition turned normal citizens into criminals overnight. Alcohol was believed to be the root of all problems, society and for wives.
Al Capone was a gangster who ran speakeasies and bootlegging alcohol. Suspected perpetrator of the valentine's day massacre, when men met up for alcohol and got shot instead.
The Palmer Raids + Red Scare
Red scare- Widespread fear of communists, anarchists, and radical
Palmer raids- The government arrested suspected communists, resulting in the loss of innocent lives.
Sacco and Vanzetti: two Italian immigrants that were wrongfully accused of murder b/c of heritage, they were given the death sentence despite the worldwide protests
CHAPTERS 22 & 23: THE GREAT DEPRESSION & NEW DEAL (1929-1939)
What were the causes that brought the U.S. into its worst economic depression?
American Installment Buying led to credit debt, reducing consumerism.
Smoot Hawley Tariff on American goods, reducing world trade.
Stock market crash, bank failures, reduced purchasing, American Economy Policy with Europe, and Drought Conditions were key causes.
Post-market crash, billions of investments were wiped out, leading to reduced spending and increased unemployment.
Dust Bowl- the result of a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged agriculture
Farm failures, farmers couldnt keep up with the inflation and Dust-bowl ruined all crops.
How was the nation affected by this economic collapse?
Factories were shut down, farms and homes were lost to foreclosure, mills and mines were abandoned. Many people couldnt support themselves because of unemployment.
How did the Hoover Administration respond?
Hoover signed into law the Emergency Relief Construction Act, which allowed the RFC to lend $300 million to the states for relief programs and $1.5 billion for public works projects. Hoover also persuaded Congress to establish Federal Home Loan Banks to help protect people from losing their homes.
How did the New Deal influence the nation and ease the effects of the Great Depression?
Roosevelt's "New Deal" aimed at promoting economic recovery and putting Americans back to work through intervention. New Federal agencies stabilize wages and prices, and create a vast public works program for the unemployed. Relief recovery reform.
WPA - Works Progress administration, gave construction jobs to people
FDIC - supplying insurance and restoring trust in banks
CCC- hired unemployed white men to do conservation work
Many doubts about the New Deal because it took too long and was putting the country into even more debt.
Hoover - Rugged individualism and Laissez faire capitalism, hands off government, no federal intervention
Election of 1932 - FDR (democrat) widely supported then hoover (republican), wanted any president but him
CHAPTERS 24 & 25: WORLD WAR II (1939-1945).
What are the causes and effects of the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor?
The US cut off fuel and oil to Japan. Japan wanted to weaken US naval + capture supplies.
The attack killed thousands of soldiers and destroyed many U.S Navy ships. It brought the United States into the war.
Was the United States justified in their use of Japanese Internment Camps?
Japanese Internment Camps- the camps established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt forced Japanese Americans to relocate to concentration camps. The camps were ringed with barbed wire and fences with armed guards.
The reason for these camps was the worry that the American government has of Japanese espionage. Worried about much more fatal events, it was cautiounary.
Thousands of Japanese Americans died in the camps. There were poorly built houses and Armed guards would occasionally shoot anyone that tried to escape.
The Supreme Court ruled that the Japanese Internment Camps were justified as it was for wartime necessity, ensuring the safety of the country. Though, not all Japanese-Americans believed in the attack which isolated them from their country.
What is the significance of the Allies’ D-Day invasion of France?
Allies’ D-Day invasion of France- 7,000 ships came to Omaha Beach, Normandy France. Troops by sea and air invaded Normandy which was taken over by the Nazi. The reason for this invasion was in hopes to liberate Western Europe and defeat Nazi Germany.
This was significant because it led to the liberation of France, denying Germany any further power. It put the Allies on a path of victory.
What role did American industry and science play in mobilizing to fight WWII?
The American Industry manufactured war goods and weapons. America led the world in arms production-making an ample amount of supplies to fill its military needs.
Physicists like Oppenheimer and Einstein created the atomic bomb.
The atomic bomb brought death and massive destruction toNagasaki and Hiroshima. Physicists worked together to gather information on the materials and chemicals required to make the atomic bomb.
Was the United States justified in dropping the Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki?
Dropping the atomic bomb would end the war successfully and the quickest way to end it, justified the effort and expense of building the bombs, it would prevent the deaths of Americans.
Japan caused destruction in the Philippines and China, leading to the Rape of Nanking, and the Bataan Death March, resulting in thousands of civilian deaths and thousands of American soldiers being captured.
Allies- United States, Great Britain, France, Soviet Union
Axis- Germany, Japan, Italy
Totalitarianism- A totalitarian government that exerts total control over a nation
Adolf Hitler - Served in WW1, he joined a small party called the Nazi Party. His powerful speaking skills made him the leader. Hitler tried to overthrow the German government in 1923, but failed. When the Nazi party grew, Hitler was made chancellor.
Neautrality act: Prevented international involvement by banning the US from providing weapons to nations at war,banned loans, and selling arms.
Lend-Lease act: The US would aid any nation whose defense was vital for American security. (Us sent aid to Brittain, then USSR).
The US began to restrict trade to prevent the expansion of Japan. The US wanted to avoid war.
The war ended when the Soviet union surrounded Berlin, Hitler commited suicide and then Germany surrendered. it wasnt actually over as the allies needed to defeat Japan.
Kristallnacht: The night of broken class. The Nazis destroyed Jewish stores, houses, and synagogues. They also arrested a bunch of Jews that night and sent them to concentration camps.
The Manhattan Project - American-led effort to develop a working atomic bomb during WW2 with the help of physicists Albert Einstein and Robet Oppenheimer.
The first bomb was dropped in Hiroshima, and the second bomb was dropped in Nagasaki.
Japan accepted the terms for surrender, made official aboard the USS missouri.
The Munich Agreement: England and France tried to keep out of war with Germany by appeasement, giving into demands in order to keep the peace. Hitler wanted sudentenland, so the allies agreed but nobody consulted Czechoslovakia.
War in the Pacific:
Island Hopping (Gradually took control of small islands leading up to Japan)
Constructed tunnels and used local materials as resources
Japanese Mentality: citizens feared US, threw babies off cliffs
REFUSED TO SURRENDER ~ believed it was dishonorable
Suicide because of nationalism, refused to let america see victory,
