Untitled Flashcards Set

Globalization: The process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide.

Multinational Corporations (MNCs): Companies that operate in multiple countries beyond their home country.

International Government Organizations (IGOs): Organizations composed of member states that work together on issues of common interest.

Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs): Non-profit organizations that operate independently of any government, often focused on social, political, or environmental goals.

Supranational Organizations: Entities formed by multiple countries agreeing to cooperate in a specific area, often with authority over member states.

Neoliberalism: An economic and political approach that emphasizes free markets, privatization, and minimal government intervention in the economy.

Structural Adjustment Programs (SAP): Economic policies imposed on developing countries by international financial institutions to promote economic stability and growth.

Import substitution Industrialization (ISI): An economic policy aimed at reducing foreign dependency by producing goods domestically.

Export Oriented Industrialization (EOI): An economic strategy aimed at encouraging exports and promoting industrialization in a country by targeting foreign markets.

Mexico: A country in North America known for its rich cultural heritage and complex political structure.

Party of Democratic Revolution (PRD): A political party in Mexico that advocates for democratic reforms and progressive policies.

Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI): A major political party in Mexico known for its long-standing dominance in the country's political landscape.

National Action Party (PAN): A conservative political party in Mexico that has competed with the PRI for power.

National Regeneration Movement (MORENA): A left-wing political party in Mexico founded by former president Andrés Manuel López Obrador.

Patron-client relationship: A social structure where political support is given in exchange for personal loyalty and services.

Corporatism: A political ideology where various interest groups are formally integrated into the government decision-making process.

National Congress: The legislative body of Mexico, composed of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies.

Chamber of Deputies: The lower house of the National Congress of Mexico, responsible for representing the people.

National Supreme Court of Justice: The highest court in Mexico, responsible for interpreting the constitution and federal laws.

Federal Election Institute (FEI): The independent organization in charge of organizing elections in Mexico.

Sextio: A term referring to the political system or political strategies used by certain parties in Mexico.

El dedazo: A practice in Mexican politics where the sitting president selects their successor.

PEMEX: The Mexican state-owned petroleum company, a major player in the country's economy.

Mexican Miracle: A period of sustained economic growth and modernization in Mexico from the 1940s to the 1970s.

Maquiladoras: Factories in Mexico that import materials and equipment on a duty-free basis for assembly into finished goods.

Mestizo: A person of mixed European and Indigenous descent in Mexico and Central America.

NAFTA: The North American Free Trade Agreement that created a trilateral trade bloc between the United States, Mexico, and Canada.

USMCA (US- Mexico-Canada Agreement): A trade agreement that replaced NAFTA, aimed at improving trade relations between the three countries.

Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN): A revolutionary leftist group in Mexico known for its opposition to neoliberalism and advocacy for indigenous rights.

AML0: Refers to anti-money laundering regulations in Mexico.

Nigeria: A country in West Africa known for its diverse cultures, ethnicities, and economic challenges.

Goodluck Jonathan: A Nigerian politician who served as president from 2010 to 2015.

People’s Democratic Party (PDP): One of the two major political parties in Nigeria, traditionally associated with the country’s political elite.

All Progressive Congress (APC): A political party in Nigeria formed from a merger of opposition parties to challenge the PDP.

Hausa: An ethnic group in Nigeria known for its rich cultural heritage and predominantly found in the northern region.

Fulani: An ethnic group in West Africa, including Nigeria, known for their pastoral lifestyle and influence in politics.

Igbo (Ibo): An ethnic group located in southeastern Nigeria with distinct cultural practices.

Yoruba: An ethnic group in southwestern Nigeria, renowned for their rich tradition and culture.

Ogani: A term used to describe societal groups or structures within Nigeria, particularly within certain ethnic contexts.

Sharia Law: A legal framework based on Islamic law, applied in various forms in Nigeria, primarily in northern states.

Prebendalism: A political system where state resources are used by political elites for personal gain, often seen in Nigeria.

Patrimonialism: A governance system where authority derives from personal loyalty and informal ties rather than formal institutions.

Rentier State: A state that derives a significant portion of its national revenues from rents rather than taxation, often characterized by Nigeria’s oil economy.

Resource Curse: A theory suggesting that countries with abundant natural resources tend to experience less economic growth and worse development outcomes.

NGO: See Non Governmental Organizations.

MEND (Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta): A militant group in Nigeria that advocates for the rights of the Niger Delta people, particularly regarding oil resources.

Structural Adjustment Policies: Policies aimed at improving the economic performance of developing nations, often involving austerity measures and economic reforms.

Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC): The state oil corporation responsible for the exploration and production of oil in Nigeria.

Multinational Corporations: See Multinational Corporations (MNCs).

ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States): A regional political and economic union of fifteen West African countries.