England had a new revelation called the Glorious Revolution
Where they kicked out their king
- Kicked out James II (Stuart)
- Invited William of Orange (Dutch)
  - William III and Mary II
  - Both had power

The Acts of Toleration (1689) is the biggest one

Laws and Impact

Tolerance of all protestant trinitarians
- Trinitarians: God is the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit
Must swear the oath to the new King and Queen

Keep your doors unlocked at the church
Limited toleration: Still no Catholics
- Prohibited from becoming monarchs

Letters on the English Nation

Comparisons between England and France

Wrote letters on why English is better than French
Strong vs. weak aristocracy
complicated vs uncomplicated taxation
singular faith vs toleration
England has one king, one law, and one faith
- France did not

Voltaire’s Views on Religion

Dogma

Voltaire was against Dogma
a religious belief in the catholic church

Clergy as Tyrants

Viewed the clergy as tyrannical

“Deism”

God exists, but does not interact often

War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748)

Emerging Nation: Prussia

Northeast Germany

Detail its rise and the reasons

Reformed Government and Army
1701: Granted Kingdom Status
1740: 4th-largest army in Europe
increased Taxation
refused the luxuries of Absolutism

Competition with the Holy Roman Empire

Holy Roman Emperor: Charles V dies with no male heir
- Maria Theresa inherits the throne

Invasion of the Holy Roman Empire in 1740

Impact

Prussia invades the Holy Roman Empire

Legacy

Take sides
- Pro Prussia: France and Spain
- Pro Holy Roman Empire: England and the Dutch Republic

1748: Maria Theresa was confirmed to the throne

The Seven Years War (1756-1763)

Realignment of Geopolitics

France makes a secret treaty with the Holy Roman Empire
England allies with Prussia
1754: New Violence Erupts

Details of the war

First World War: colonization

Europe

New World
India

Major Sides in the War

France vs England

Major Fronts of the War

The French and Indian War
1754: The War was accidentally started by Washington

English Advantages

The National Bank
- Loan money, low rates
- Cash for ships and soldiers

French Disadvantages

No national bank
- Have to borrow from other countries, at high rates
- Could not mobilize fast

Outcome

Prussia defeats France
Expands European Power
begins to dominate Germany

The American Revolution (1775-1783)

Taxation of the Colonies

Reasons

After the Seven Years' War: England is in Debt

Types of Taxes

Sugar Act: taxed sugar and coffee (1764)
Stamp Act: taxed paper (1765)
- meant the monarch's stamp of approval on paper products

Tea Act: Mercantilism (1773)
Tea is becoming a significant part of British culture, and American colonists have been smuggling tea in large quantities.
Americans did not like it.

Boston Tea Party

A group of Americans dressed up as indigenous people to dump tea into the Boston ports.
Post-Locke Enlightenment
- “No taxation without representation.”
Governments are contractual and conditional
- If you break those conditions, the contract is gone

France’s Involvement in the War

March 1775: American Revolution starts

French allies with the U.S in 1778
Significant French Costs
Costs paid by loans

The French Revolution

Social Context of France

Social Dynamics

growth of the middle class

complex social structures

merchants, officeholders, soldiers, business people

3 Estates

Clergy
Nobility
Everyone else

First Estate

Clergy

Details of the First Estate

Two different types of clergy

Upper clergy: noble status
Lower clergy: non-noble status
1. Supported Absolutism

Privileges

Control of everyday life
- France has no toleration
Extra-judicial courts
Largest landowner in France

Taxation Policy

Paid no taxes
Financial gifts to the Crown
The church would give the monarch some money
Was not required to give it
Self-tax

Second Estate

Nobility

Details of the Second Estate

There are two groups

Nobility of the sword: earned nobility through military valor, old noble families
Nobility of the Robe: purchased an important office, new nobility

Privileges

Titles: Dukes, Counts, Barons, etc.

Taxation Policy

Exempt from the Taille
- Taille was a broad tax

Third Estate

Everyone Else

Details of the Third Estate

98% was French population
Wide range:
- Wealthy business people
- day laborers
- urban poor
- could even be wealthier than nobles

Taxation Policy

Paid the vast majority

The King

First citizen of France

Noble Titles

Selling of the noble titles
- Caused tensions

Salt Tax

Artificially inflated salt prices
Disproportionate to the Third Estate
Causes even more tension!

Economic Decline

Bread Prices

1780s: Poor wheat harvests
- Increased bread prices
- 50% to 80% of income

Unemployment

50% unemployment

Debts

Louis XIV's expenses
Loss in the Seven Years' War
Expenses in the American Revolution
50 France's budget towards loans

First Phase of the Revolution

King Louis XVI
1789: Summoned Estates General

Estates General

Why was it called

a legislative body representing all 3 estates
Hope to create new taxes

Why was it complicated?

Each estate gets 1 vote
- 3rd estate objects
- Argues for individual votes

What was the outcome?

Doubling the third
Waffles and changes his mind so much that the 3rd estate leaves

“Tennis Court Oath”

National Assembly

Created and vowed to create a new constitution called the French Constitution
6/27: King Relents
Estates General Dissolves

Impact on the Revolution

The national assembly is the highest power

Popular Revolts

Storming of the Bastille

Jail ammunition storage
Rumor that King would attack the third estate's arms
- Bastille's government fires on the crowd, and they storm
symbolic of revolutionary change

Rural Revolts

Burning of Manor Houses
Forming peasant militias

October Days

woman stormed Versailles
Protested bread prices
Dissatisfied with King's Response
- Successful in bringing King back to the negotiating table

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Example of rights

Freedom of speech
religious toleration
Property is a natural right
Sovereignty of the people

Active and Passive Citizens

The active citizens paid certain taxes (hold office and vote)
The Passive citizens only have some rights

The Catholic Church

Seizing Property

1789: The National Assembly seizes church property

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

The Calothic church under the state authority
Clergy swear allegiance to the state
France pays clergy salaries
Limit Pope's power
very divisive
Pope threatens excommunication

Second Phase of the Revolution

Louis XVI attempted to escape

Escaped to Austria
But got caught at the border

Austria and Prussia

France declared war on Austria and Prussia
Europe turns against the revelation

The French Republic

The Jacobins

France under the Jacobins

elected a new National Convention
changed French politics
more radical
France declared a republic in 1792
abolished Catholicism
reorganized calendar
cult of the Supreme Being, Beheading of Louis XVI

Beheading of Louis XVI

beheaded by the guillotine on 1/21/1973

The Reign of Terror

The Committee of Public Safety

control revolution
prosecute enemies
Ruthlessness as a virtue

The Rise of Napoleon

Inflation

Inflation increased under the Republic

The Directory

new type of government
Jacobins removed

5 appointed executives
The Directory tried to moderate its position, the opposite of what the Jacobins tried to do
- Made everyone mad
- called on a charismatic leader

The Rule of Napoleon

Basic life story

Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)
- Born in Corsica
- Attended Ècole Militaire
- Military leader during the revolution
- Led campaigns for the revolution in Northern Italy and gained him prestige and a following through his wins

Rise in the Directory

The Directory appoints him as a temporary single executive “Consul”
Would put changes up to a vote (plebiscite) by popular vote; it was easy to manipulate the vote to make it seem they were in your favor
1802: Napoleon elected consul for life
Sells the US Louisiana (Louisiana Purchase) for quick cash
perceived democracy - really a dictatorship

Military successes

Military leader during the revolution
Successful campaigns in Italy

Emperor

Crowned himself Emperor

Conquering Europe

Invades Germany and defeats the rival emperor and their Prussian allies
- The Holy Roman Empire dissolved after 1000 years
- annexes Italian lands and puts family members in charge of these
- Defeats Prussia
- BUT can’t invade England (perhaps his main goal)
- England performs a naval blockade

Russia

Defeats the alliance of Russia and the Holy Roman Empire

Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire dissolved after 1000 years

Prussia

1807: Napoleon defeats Prussia

Spain

Peninsular War: Spain is using guerrilla warfare (not “proper”), where they would have more insurgent revolts to wear down the French army eventually and exhaust resources

Guerilla Warfare

Little/Miniature Wars
Exhaust resources

Mistakes

Continental System

Trying to remake Rome
Moscow is considered the new Rome

England’s Responses

Not enough support; needs things from his colonies and other nations (accidentally starving himself out, and the English are great at smuggling resources to his enemies)

Russian Campaign

Russia’s Response

Army of 600,000 soldiers
Russians allow the army to go far into Russia
Russians burn down Moscow

Impact of Winter

Half of his army dies from the bitter cold in the winter
Limited resources

Battle of Nations

Leipzig, Germany
Russians, Prussians, British, etc., ally together to defeat Napoleon
He retreats to Paris and is captured and exiled to Elba (next to his home island)
Restore the French Monarchy: Louis XVIII, but he was ineffective and weak

Exile & Return

Napoleon escaped exile, returned to Paris, and reformed his army
Invades Belgium
Exiled to St. Helena (Southern Atlantic Ocean)
- Died in exile in 1821

The Battle of Waterloo

Meets allied soldiers and armies at the Battle of Waterloo

Legacy of the French Revolution

upheaval of medieval social hierarchy and helped create popular sovereignty to be the standard (along with freedoms of the individual, like freedom of the press, etc.)
Modern political parties that appeal to different parts of society emerge
map becomes more modern (Prussia has risen, the Holy Roman Empire is gone, Russia continues to grow, and Austria)

- last united front attempt

Note