Bone: dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton. Examples are long bones (femur), short bones (carpals), flat bones (scapula), and sesamoid bones (patella)

Bone Depression: opening or hollow region serving as a connective for bones, or as passageways for blood vessels and nerves. Examples are fissure, foramen, fossa, and sinus

Bone Depression: opening or hollow regions serving as connections between bones or passageways for blood vessels and nerves
Yellow bone marrow: fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity shaft
Xiphoid Process: helps with the process of breathing and located in the lower portion of the sternum
Metaphysis: flared portion of a long bone, between the diaphysis of the bone and the epiphyseal plate at the end of the bone
Ligament: fibrous, connective bands binding bones to other bones- supports, strengthens, and stabilizes the joint
Cancellous bone: spongy or trabecular bone that is made up of bony fibers that are like a spongy latticework in the inner part of a bone
Osteoclast: bone cell that absorbs and removes unwanted bony tissue
Fontanelle: soft spot between skull bones of an infant
Scoliosis: where the spinal cord is bent abnormally to the side
Kyphosis: happens because of osteoporosis, “hunchback”, this condition puts pressure of the spine which reduces a person's height and stances
Myelopoiesis: formation of bone marrow
Osteitis: inflammation of a bone “Paget's disease” - affects the growth of new bone or replacement bones in adults. Leads to enlarged, weak, and easily breakable bones.
Decalcification: loss of calcium from bones
Patella: knee cap
Osteoporosis: pore or passage in the bone decrease in bone density (mass)- the bone has a lot of holes in it, not enough support thinning and weakening of bone

Polymyositis: symmetric disorder of muscle weakness and pain
why do you get polymyositis? inflammation of many muscles
Articular Cartilage: a smooth, strong, and silk white tissue that cushions the joint and allows it to move smoothly and efficiently
Pronation: act of turning the palm down
Ganglion cyst: fluid filled sac arising from the joint capsule or tendons- treat by removing the fluid from the cyst common in the wrist
Fibromyalgia: pain and stiffness in the muscles and fibrous tissue, especially shoulders, neck, hips, and knees
Asthenia: lack of strength
Simple fracture: bone broken but no open wound in skin
Crepitus: the crackling or grating sound caused by the bone or bones and cartilage rubbing against each other- due to: wear tear of age, broken bones, immobility
Hyperkalemia: condition of high concentration of potassium in blood
Haversian Canals: a system of small canals that contains blood vessels and brings oxygen and nutrients and remove waste (like carbon dioxide)
Where is the Haversian Canals? found in compact bone
Myelopoiesis: formation of bone marrow
Spondylolisthesis: the forward slipping of a vertebra over another
Ganglion cyst: fluid filled sac arising from the joint capsule or tendons- treat by removing the fluid from the cyst-
Where is the Ganglion cyst? common in the wrist
Chondrosarcoma: cancerous tumor of cartilage. The root sarc indicates the tumor arises from a type of flesh or connective tissue
Arthrodesis: surgical fusion of a joint to eliminate movement

Define the following Clinical procedures / Laboratory Test

Also, Answer the 5 Critical thinking questions.

What is the malignant tumor of a smooth muscle called? leiomyosarcoma

What is it called when the muscle degenerates due to nerves in the spinal cord ? Spinal Muscle Atrophy (SMA)
What is the end of the long bone called? epiphysis
What are the bones called that are found in the wrist & ankle? Carpal bones
1. Are these bones small & irregular? irregular
What is the production of all types of blood cells in the bone marrow called? hematopoiesis

Bone Density Test: low energy x-ray absorption in bones of the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist is used to measure bone mass
Arthroscopy: visual examination of a joint with an arthroscope, which projects an image on a video monitor
Bone Scan: Uptake of a radioactive substance is measured in bone
Arthrocentesis surgical puncture: to remove fluid from the joint space
Serum Calcium: measurement of calcium level in serum

Give the Abbreviations definitions 1-12

AKA: above knee amputation
ROM: range of motion
RA: rheumatoid arthritis
Fx: fracture
ANA: antinuclear antibody: indicator of systemic lupus erythematosus
DEXA: Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry- which test bone mineral density
OA: osteoarthritis
Ca: calcium
IM: intramuscular
NSAID: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug: often prescribed to treat musculoskeletal disorders

spinal process is "bony projection of the poster (back) of each	vertebra
small bone on each side of the spinal process	transverse process
lays between the transverse and spinal process which helps provide support and protection for backside of the spinal cord	lamina
the space between the vertebrae body and the arch through which the spinal cord passes	neural/spinal cord canal
pad of the vertebra between body of the vertebra beneath it	intervertebral disk
what bones does the facet joints connect	4 bones between the spine
what does the facet joints help with	communication and movement
C1-C7 of the vertebral column is what	cervical vertebrae
Th1-Th12 of the vertebral column is what	Thoracic vertebrae
what does the thoracic vertebrae join with	the 12 pairs of the ribs
L1-L5 of the vertebral column is what	lumbar
strongest and largest of the vertebral column is what	the lumbar
one on each side they connect the breastbone	Calvin collar bone
sternum to each shoulder blade	scapula
where the scapula and the clavicle meet is called	scapula shoulder blade
AC joint	Acromioclavicular
Acr	extremity
om/o	shoulder
breast bone	sternum
flat bone extending ventrally down the midline of the chest	sternum
bottom of the vertebral column	sacrum
sacrum also known as	sacral vertebrae
in an adult these bones are fused this does not happen till late teens	sacral vertebrae (sacrum)
bottom bottom of the vertebral column	coccyx
also known as tailbone	coccyx
does not fuse from the four bones together till late teens	coccyx (tailbone)
upper portion of the sternum	Manubrium
what carries the greatest physical load of the sternum	Manubrium
the lower portion of the sternum	xiphoid process
this process in the sternum helps with breathing	xiphoid process
how many pairs of ribs	12
1-7 of the ribs are	coastal cartilages
attract to the sternum with cartilage	coastal cartilages
8-10 of the ribs are	false ribs
attached to the 7th rib and not the sternum	false ribs
11-12 of the ribs are	floating ribs
not attached to the sternum or other ribs	floating ribs
humans upper arm bone	humerus
medial lower arm (forearm)	ulna
lateral lower arm (forearm)	radius
the rotator cuff is in	humerus
the humerus helps with	arm rotation and lift
group of muscle that surround the shoulder joint	rotator cuff
the olecranon is in the	ulna
the bony point that forms the elbow bent	olecranon
bone in line with the tumb	radius
wrist bones	carpals
5 bones of the palm of the hand	metacarpals
finger bones	phalanges
how many bones does each finger (phalanges) have with the exception of the thumb	3
how many bones does the thumb have	2
collection of bones that support the truck of the body	pelvic girdle
largest part of the pelvis	illium
socket area of hipbone	acetabulum
superior part of ilium	iliac crest
what is the iliac crest filled with	red bone marrow
what is the iliac crest attached to	abdominal wall
part of the illium structure and landmark for iliac crest	iliac spine
thigh bone	femur
longest bone in body	femur
kneecap	patella
reinforce strength of the tendon	patella
longer of the 2 leg bones	tibia
in the leg known as the skin bone	tibia
smaller and thinner of the two lower leg bones	fibula
hidden under muscle of the leg	fibula
bones of the middle and hinder part of the foot	Tarsals
one of the 3 to form the ankle joint	talus
what forms the ankle joint	fibula & fibula & talus
the heel bone	calcaneus
bones of the mid foot that articulate and join with the phalanges	metatarsals
toe bones of the forefoot	phalanges

the crackling or grating sound caused by the bones or bones and cartilage rubbing against one another	crepitus
due to wear tear of age, broken bones or immobility	crepitus
rare malignant tumor arising in the bone	Ewing sarcoma
mostly in children found most often in the medullary cavity of the long bones in the body	Ewing sarcoma
bony growth (benign) arising from the surface of the bone	exostosis
type of exostosis composed of cartilage and bone which is called	osteochondromas
traumatic breaking of a bone	fracture
bone broken and a fragment of the bone can protrude through the open wound in the skin	compound fx
bone broken but no open wound in the skin	simple fx
broken in several pieces	comminuted fx
broken in a twisting motion	spiral
broken bone at an angle	oblique
a bone cracks on one side only, not all the way through the bone. looks like a branch that has broken and splintered on one side	green stick fracture
a restoration of the bone to it normal position	reduction
a reduction without a surgical incision	closed reduction
a surgical incision is made for access to the fracture site	open reduction
this involves insertion of metal plates and screws or pins to stabilize the bone	open reduction/internal fixation ORIF
placed on the body part of the injury or broken bone	cast for a fractures
when is a cast put on a fracture	after a closed reduction
why is a cast put on a fracture	to stabilize the body part to heal
malignant tumor arising from the osteoblast	osteogenic sarcoma
formation of the bone with cell	osteoblast
tends to be found in the end of long bones in children and adolecsents	osteogenic sarcoma
softening bone with inadequate amounts of mineral (calcium) in the bone	osteomalacia
inflammation of bone and bone marrow secondary to infection	osteomyelitis
decrease in bone density (mass)	osteoporosis
Bone density test	dexa scan
detects the density indicate osteopenia and osteoporosis	dual-energy x-ray absoptiometry
loss of bone mass due to osteoporosis presented by a curvature of the spine	kyphosis
also known as a humpback or hunchback	kyphosis
this condition puts pressure on the spinal cord which will reduce a persons height and stances	kyphosis
where the spinal column is bent abnormally to the side	scoliosis
increased anterior curvature of the lumbar spine or it in other mammals can be called a swayback	lordosis
this condition affects the growth of new bone or replacement bones in adults	osteitis deformans
also known as Paget's disease	osteitis deformans
leads to the bones becoming enlarged, weak and easily to break	osteitis deformans
Talus means	ankle
pes means	foot
where the foot is turned in and under	talipes
in infants and called clubfoot can be corrected by braces or surgery so that they are able to stand with the sole flat on the ground	talipes
chronic progressive arthritis with stiffening of the joints, primarily of the spine	ankylosing spondylitis
hardening or fusion like of the joints with inflammation	ankylosing spondylitis
inflammation and painful swelling in and around the joint caused by deposits of uric acid crystals	gout gouty arthritis
was called the king or Nobel disease because the Nobel ate food high in uric acid such as red meant, red wines, ales, nuts and fermented cheese	gout gouty arthritis
hyperuricemia accumulates in the joint and because they are uric acid crystals with jagged edges it articular cartilage	cause of gout
progressive, degenerative disease with loss of cartilage and hypertrophy of the bone	Osteoarthritis
OA	Osteoarthritis
known as degenerative joint disease	Osteoarthritis
chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain due to auto immune reaction	rheumatoid arthritis
RA	rheumatoid arthritis
synovial membrane fluid inflamed and thickened	rheumatoid arthritis
this prevents proper movement and can get so bad that bone ankylosis becomes abnormal stiffening of the joints so they are almost like fused together with calcification of bone	rheumatoid arthritis
enlargement of bone tissue around the joint at the base of the big toe	bunion
compression of the median nerve as it passes between transverse ligament, bones, tendons, and wrist	carpal tunnel syndrome
because of the compression the fingers become numb this is when surgery starts to become an option	carpal tunnel syndrome
displacement of a bone from a joint	dislocation
treatment for dislocation	reduction
restoration of the bones to their normal position	reduction
fluid filled sac arising from the joint capsule or tendons	ganglion cyst
treat is remove fluid of the cyst	ganglion cyst
abnormal protrusion of intervertebral disk into the spinal canal or spinal nerves	herniation disk of the intervertebral disk
treatment can be to remove a portion of the disc what is this treatment called	microdiscectomy
marked by a "bullseye" rash from a tick bine that is carrying bacteria	Lyme disease / Lyme arthritis
chronic, recurrent disorder marked by arthritis, myalgia, and being tired	Lyme disease / Lyme arthritis
hallmark sign of redden butterfly rash	systemic lupus erythematosus
autoimmune disease that affects and causes inflammation in the joints, kidneys, central nervous system, heart and lungs	systemic lupus erythematosus
progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers without involvement of the nervous system	muscular dystrophy
pseudohypertrophy, S/S	how a muscle can appear in muscular dystrophy
fat that has replaced functional muscle cells that have atrophied	pseudohypertrophy
muscle weakness, stumbling prominent "winged" scapula`	S/S
chronic inflammatory myopathy / autoimmune disorder / symmetric disorder of muscle weakness and pain	polymyositis

calc/o	calcium
calci/o	calcium
kph/o	humpback or hunchback
lamin/o	lamina
what is a lamina	part of the vertebral arch
lord/o	curve or sway back
lumb/o	loins or lower back
myel/o	bone marrow
orth/o	straight
oste/o	bone
scoli/o	crooked or bent
spondyl/o	vertebra
vertebr/o	vertebra
-blast	embryonic or immature cell
-clast	to break
-listhesis	slipping
-malacia	softening
-physis	to grow
-porosis	pore or passage
-tome	instrument to cut
acetabul/o	acetabulum
what is a acetabulum	hip socket
calcane/o	calcaneus
what is a calcaneus	heel
carp/o	carpals
what is carpals	wrist bones
clavicul/o	clavicle
what is a clavicle	collar bone
cost/o	ribs
crani/o	cranium
what is a cranium	skull
femor/o	femur
what is a femur	thigh bone
fibul/o	fibula
what is a fibula	smaller lower leg bone
humer/o	humerus
what is a humerus	upper arm bone
ili/o	ilium
what is a ilium	upper part of pelvic bone
ischi/o	ischium
what is a ischium	posterior part of pelvic bone
malleol/o	malleolus
what is a malleolus	process on each side of the ankle
mandibul/o	mandible
what is a mandible	lower jawbone
maxill/o	maxilla
what is a maxilla	upper jaw bone
metacarpal/o	metacarpals
what is metacarpals	hand bones
metatars/o	metatarsals
what are metatarsals	foot bones
olecran/o	olecranon
what is a olecranon	elbow
patell/o	patella
what is a patella	kneecap
pelv/o	pelvis
phalang/o	phalanges
what are phalanges	fingers and toe bones
pub/o	pubis
what is a pubis	anterior part of the pelvic bone
radi/o	radius
what is a radius	forearm bone (the thumb side)
scapul/o	scapula
what is a scapula	shoulder blade
stern/o	sternum
what is a sternum	breastbone
tars/o	tarsals
what is a tarsal	bones of the mid and hindfoot
tibi/o	tibia
what is a tibia	skin bone
uln/o	ulna
what is a ulna	forearm bone like the little finger side
fasci/o	fascia
what is a fascia	forms sheaths enveloping muscles
fibr/o	fibrous connective tissue
leiomy/o	smooth visceral muscle that lines the walls of the internal organs
my/o	muscle
myocardi/o	heart muscle
myos/o	muscle
plant/o	sole of the foot
rhabdomy/o	skeletal (striated) muscle connected to bones
sarc/o	muscle and flesh
-asthenia	lack of strength
-trophy	development or nourishment
ab-	away from
ad-	toward
dorsi-	back
poly-	many or much

bones are the what	framework
what do bones help with	the movement
what has storage in place for mineral that help in grow	outer point of of bone or hard structure
what is in bone that helps it grow	delicate balance of calcium and phosphorus
helps the calcium pass through the small intestine and into the bloodstream	vitamin D
what do the bones and body need	calcium
what holds the bone marrow	inner bone
what does the inner bone manufacture the bone marrow to	red blood cells
what are bones made up of	osseous, blood vessels and nerves
what does osseous consist of	osteocytes (bone cells), collagen and intercellular calcium salts
composed of cartilage which more flexible than osseous	fetus bones
the process in which the fetus bones mature	ossification
immature bone cells and calcium deposits	ossification
immature osteocytes that produce the bony tissue that replaces the cartilage during ossification	osteoblast
large cells that reabsorb, or digest, bone tissue	osteoclast
why is the function of osteoclast activated	to keep bone strong and repaired to remove debris so that the bone doesn't become too thick and heavy
when a bone breaks what happens first	osteoblasts provide calcium salts to rebuild
when a bone breaks what happens second	osteoclast tears down the old and removes excess bone debris to smooth out the bone
found in lower leg, thigh, upper and lower arms	long bones
irregular shape and small / mostly present in ankle and wrist	short bones
pelvic bones, skull, shoulder blades and ribs - found to cover soft body parts to protect them	flat bones
bones found to increase efficiency of the muscles near a particular joint usually rounded - ex is patella or knee cap	sesamoid bones
middle region of the long bone	diaphysis
each end of long bone	epiphysis
an area of cartilage tissue constantly being replaced by new bone tissue as the bone grows	epiphysis line or plate (growth plate)
the growth plate changes in length until what	adulthood is reached
flared portion of the bone	metaphysis
strong, fibrous, vascular, membrane that covers the surface of the long bone except the ends	periosteum
a smooth, strong, and silk tissue that cushion the joint and allows it to move smoothly and efficiently	articular cartilage
layer of hard dense bones that lies under the periosteum bone	compact (cortical) bone
what system does the compact (cortical) bone have	the Haversian canals
a small canals that contain blood vessels that bring oxygen and nutrient and remove waste such as carbon dioxide	the Haversian canals
the tunneled out center of the long bone that contains the yellow bone marrow that is mainly fat cells	medullary cavity
spongy or trabecular bone that is made up bony fivers that are like a spongy lattice work	cancellous bone
are the interwoven fibers of the spongy latticework in a lot of the long bones	trabeculae
in the spaces in cancellous bone	red bone marrow
what does the red bone marrow consist of	immature and mature blood cells in various stages of development
the production of all types of blood cells in the bone marrow	hematopoiesis
enlarged areas that extend out from bones and serve as attachment for muscles and tendons and ligaments	bone process
opening or hollow regions serving as connections between bones or passageways for blood vessels and nerves	bone depression
the cranial bones that join each other at the joints	cranial bone structure
unfossified tissue in the skull of a newborn at birth	fontanelles
supports nasal cavity and eye socket	ethmoid bone
forehead - part of the eye sockets	frontal bone
back and base of the skull	occipital bone
top and side of the skull	parietal bone
base of the skull and behind eyes (called the bat - shaped bone)	sphenoid bone
lower sides and back of skull	temporal bones
corners of each eye	lacrimal bone
lacrim means	tears
al means	pertaining to
lower jaw	mandible
upper jawbone	maxillae
nasal bones	bridge and septum of nose
vomer	nasal septum (thin, flat bones)
cheek bones	zygomatic bones
place where the bones meet	joints
coming together of two or more bones	joint articulation
unlovable between the skull bones	suture joints
movable and are surrounded by joint capsule	synovial joints
fibrous tissue	joint capsule
thicken fibrous bands of connective tissue	ligaments
how do you increase strength in joints	anchor one bone to another in critical areas
smooth white tissue that covers the ends of the bones where they come together at a joint	articular cartilage
tissue lining the synovial cavity- produces the synovial fluid	synovial membrand
space between bones at a synovial joint- contains synovial fluid produced by the membrane	synovial cavity
viscous (sticky) fluid within the synovial cavity	synovial fluid
crescent shaped fibroucartilaginous structure- helps cushion the joint	meniscus
sac of fluid near a joint however not within a joint	bursa
what is the bursa there to help with	types of tissues that need to slide past each other with little friction as possible
can be attached to bones, internal organs and blood vessels	muscles
internal movement of the muscles involves what	contraction and relaxation found in organ
due to contraction and relaxation attached to the bones	external movement of the muscles
connective tissue that bind muscle to bones	tendons
bind bones to other bones	ligaments
makes up the voluntary or skeletal muscle that moves all bones as well as controlling facial expression and eye movement	striated muscle
makes up the involuntary or visceral muscles that contract to move internal organs such as digestive tract, the walls of blood vessels, and secretory ducts leading from the glands	smooth muscle
striated in appearance but like smooth muscles in its action movement cannot be consciously controlled and the fibers of the cardiac muscle are branching fibers and found in the heart	cardiac muscles
connection of the muscle to a stationary bone - usually proximal on the skeleton	origin of the muscle
connection of the muscle to the bone that moves -distal from the skeleton	insertion of the muscle
decrease the angle between two bones- bending the limb	-flextion
increase the angle between two bones - straightening out a limb	-extension
movement away from the midline of the body	abduction
movement toward the midline of the body	adduction
circular movement around the axis	rotation
decrease the angle of the ankle joint so that the foot moves upward, toward the center of the body	dorsiflexion
motion that moves the foot downward toward the ground as when the pointing of the toe	plantar flextion
act of turning the palm up	supination
act of turning the palm down	pronation