1739410366_132__Week_6_-_Ch_10_Intelligence___Ch_12_Personality__posted_

Chapter 10: Intelligence

• Joke of the Day: Why are math books so sad? They have a lot of problems.

Announcements/Reminders

• Ongoing Recommended Deadlines:

  • Chapter 10: Read, study, and take Practice Quizzes.

  • Chapter 12: Read, study, and take Practice Quizzes.

  • Chapter 13: Read and take Practice Quiz (prep ahead).

  • Continue working on your Term Project:

    • Conduct a literature search for peer-reviewed articles.

    • Complete the Plagiarism Tutorial.

    • Work on RPS credits (approximately halfway done).

Learning Objectives for Chapter 10: Intelligence

1. Define intelligence and summarize major events that led to modern IQ testing.

2. Identify and explain additional types of intelligence beyond simple IQ.

3. Describe the criteria for taking a psychometric approach to measuring intelligence.

4. Discuss the origins of intelligence and debate the importance of various sources.

• Note: The textbook section on the Brain and Intelligence will not appear on the exam, but it will be part of the Chapter Quiz.

What is Intelligence?

• Intelligence involves:

  • The ability to learn.

  • Meeting environmental demands effectively.

  • Understanding and controlling one's mental activities.

• It is a psychological construct that requires operationalization.

Operationalizing Intelligence

• Method of Operationalization: IQ tests.

• History of IQ Testing:

  • First official IQ test developed in France to test "mental age" to help identify children with special needs.

  • The US version allowed comparisons across age groups using standardized IQ scores:

    • Formula: IQ = (Mental Age/Chronological Age) x 100

Understanding IQ Scores

• Examples:

  • IQ of 10 years old = 10 x 100 = 125.

  • IQ of 9 years old = 9 x 100 = 82.

• Notes: IQ tests are more effective for children than for adults.

Limitations of IQ Tests

• Traditionally, they focused primarily on verbal ability, which can disadvantage non-native speakers and immigrants.

Adaptations to the IQ Test

• WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale):

  • Most widely used IQ measure today.

  • Assesses both verbal and performance IQ.

  • Results generally follow a normal distribution (bell curve).

The Normal Distribution of IQ Scores

• Approximately 96% of individuals fall within 30 points of an average IQ of 100.

• Breakdown:

  • 68% score within 15 points of 100.

  • 96% within 30 points.

Sample Items from WAIS

• Verbal Subtests:

  • General Information, Similarities, Arithmetic Reasoning, Vocabulary, Comprehension.

• Performance Subtests:

  • Digit Span, Picture Arrangement, Block Design, Object Assembly.

History of IQ Testing

• Watch a helpful overview video from TED Ed.

• Take notes on:

  • 2 strengths of IQ tests.

  • 2 limitations of IQ tests.

  • 3-5 historical examples of IQ being used unethically.

IQ Testing and Discrimination

• Discuss ongoing issues related to forced sterilization of Indigenous women in Canada highlighting the ethical concerns in the use of intelligence testing.

Summary of IQ Development

• Modern IQ tests have evolved over the century and can help provide resources; however, they have a dark history involving racism and exclusion.

• An IQ score is merely one operational definition of intelligence.

Is There More to Intelligence?

• Reflect on personal intelligent figures:

  • Smartest, wisest, most creative person known and their characteristics.

  • Questions about whether intelligence is general or specific.

General vs. Specific Intelligence

• Spearman's two-factor theory suggests all cognitive abilities share a common core through factor analysis.

Sternberg's Three Intelligences

• Sternberg's Triarchic Theory includes:

  1. Internal (Analytic)

  2. External (Creative)

  3. Experiential (Practical)

Gardner's Multiple Intelligences

• The theory suggests that intelligence is modular and varies among individuals, though empirical support for distinct intelligences is limited.

The Psychometric Approach to Measuring Intelligence

• The psychometric approach uses carefully constructed tests to define intelligence.

Reliability and Validity in Testing

• Reliability: Consistency of the test across time and situations.

• Validity: Accuracy of what the test measures.

Are IQ Tests Valid and Reliable?

• Many standardized IQ tests, like Stanford-Binet and WAIS, show exceptional reliability (correlation ~ .90).

• Valid indicators of academic/verbal intelligence with moderate correlations to real-world outcomes such as education and income.

Origins of Intelligence: Nature vs. Nurture

• Intelligence is influenced by both genetic heritability and environmental factors.

• Key points include:

  • Genetic expression influenced by environment, especially in childhood.

  • High heritability does not mean fixed; environmental factors can alter intelligence outcomes.

Factors Influencing Intelligence

• Heritability: The statistical estimate of variability attributed to genetics.

• Environmental Factors: Family, culture, and schooling play crucial roles in shaping intelligence.

The Flynn Effect

• Observes an increase in IQ scores over time potentially linked to environmental factors.

Summary of Influences on Intelligence

• Intelligence is heritable, but environmental factors significantly shape its expression and effectiveness.

Chapter 12: Personality

• Reflecting on personality traits through various models such as Myers-Briggs, Enneagrams, and the Big Five (CANOE/OCEAN).

What is Personality?

• Personality: Unique characteristics accounting for lasting patterns in thoughts and behaviors.

• Importance of skepticism regarding pop culture personality quizzes due to the Barnum effect.

Learning Objectives for Chapter 12: Personality

1. Define personality and why skepticism of quizzes is vital.

2. Summarize primary theories of personality, including psychodynamic and trait theories.

3. Explore the Five Factor Theory and its relevance.

4. Describe the person-situation debate with interactionism and reciprocal determinism.

Early Theories of Personality

• Historical approaches include phrenology.

Psychodynamic Theories

• Proponents: Freud, Jung.

• Key ideas include:

  • Behavior influenced by the unconscious, childhood experiences form adult personality.

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

• Defense mechanisms are unconscious reactions to protect from negative emotions.

Summary and Critique of Freud's Theory

• Criticism: Limited evidence, poor methodology, unclear developmental trajectory.

• Key contributions to psychology:

  • Study of the unconscious, significance of early experiences.

Humanistic Theories

• Key figures: Maslow and Rogers, focused on positivity and self-fulfillment.

• Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs highlights the progression and regression of need satisfaction.

Summary of Humanistic Theories

• Contributions and criticisms, emphasizing the development of self-concept and impact on counseling and education.

Trait Theories

• Major contributors: Allport, Eysenck, Costa & McCrae.

• Trait models account for personality's composition and measurement through standardized personality inventories.

The Big Five Personality Traits

• Widely recognized model assessing personality traits through inventories.

• Traits: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, represented as OCEAN.