perception

  1. Unit 2: Perception

  2. Introduction to Perception

    1. 1. Sensation vs. Perception:

    2. Sensation: The process of detecting sensory stimuli from the environment.

    3. Perception: The interpretation and organization of sensory input into meaningful experiences.

    4. 2. Bottom-Up Processing: Analyzing information starting with sensory input and building toward a perception.

    5. 3. Top-Down Processing: Using prior knowledge, experiences, and expectations to interpret sensory input.

    6. 4. Sensory Adaptation: Reduced sensitivity to a stimulus after prolonged exposure.

    7. 5. Inhibition: The brain’s ability to suppress irrelevant sensory information to focus on relevant stimuli.

  3. Depth and Constancy

    1. 6. Monocular Depth Cues: Depth cues that can be perceived using one eye. Examples include:

    2. Relative Clarity: Objects that are clearer are perceived as closer.

    3. Relative Size: Smaller objects are perceived as farther away if they are assumed to be the same size.

    4. Texture Gradient: Objects with more detail are perceived as closer.

    5. Linear Perspective: Parallel lines appear to converge as they recede into the distance.

    6. Interposition: Closer objects partially block the view of objects farther away.

    7. 7. Binocular Depth Cues: Depth cues that require both eyes. Examples include:

    8. Retinal Disparity: The difference in images seen by each eye; greater disparity indicates closer objects.

    9. Convergence: The degree to which the eyes turn inward to focus on a nearby object.

    10. 8. Visual Cliff Research: Experiments showing that depth perception is present in infants and other animals.

    11. 9. Perceptual Constancy: The ability to perceive objects as unchanging despite changes in sensory input, including:

    12. Size Constancy: Perceiving an object as having the same size despite changes in distance.

    13. Shape Constancy: Recognizing an object’s shape regardless of the angle of view.

    14. Color Constancy: Perceiving consistent color under varying lighting conditions.

  4. Organizing Our Perceptions

    1. 10. Gestalt Principles: Psychological rules that describe how we naturally organize sensory information. Examples include:

    2. Figure-Ground Perception: The ability to distinguish an object (figure) from its background (ground).

    3. Similarity and Proximity: Grouping objects based on similarity or closeness.

  5. Illusions and Other Phenomena

    1. 11. Color Afterimages: A visual illusion where a complementary color is seen after staring at a colored image and then looking away.

    2. 12. Reversible Figures: Images that can be interpreted in multiple ways, such as the Necker cube.

    3. 13. Illusions of Movement: Perceptions of motion where none exists, including:

    4. Phi Phenomenon: The illusion of movement created by rapidly blinking lights in sequence.

    5. Stroboscopic Movement: The illusion of continuous motion created by a rapid sequence of slightly varying images (e.g., in movies).

    6. 14. The Müller-Lyer Illusion: A visual illusion in which two lines of equal length appear to be different due to the direction of arrow-like endings.

    7. 15. The Ponzo Illusion: A visual illusion where lines of equal length appear unequal due to converging background lines.

  6. Schemas

    1. 16. Schemas: Mental frameworks or concepts that help organize and interpret information, often based on prior knowledge and experiences.

    2. 17. Context: The surrounding information or environment that influences perception.

18.Perceptual Set: A predisposition to perceive things in a certain way based on expectations, context, and prior knowledge.

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