Research

Holy Child College of Davao

Practical Research 1

  • Topic: Qualitative Research

  • Senior High School Department

Selecting and Synthesizing Information from Relevant Literature

Topic Outline

  • Intellectual Property

  • Citing Related Literature using APA

  • Organizing Related Literature

  • Ethical Standards in Research

Learning Competencies

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

  • Select relevant literature

  • Cite related literature using APA

  • Synthesize information from relevant literature

  • Follow ethical standards in writing relevant literature

Review of Related Literature (RRL)

Definition

  • RRL is a critical summary and analysis of existing research, studies, theories, and scholarly works related to a specific topic.

  • It provides context, identifies knowledge gaps, and establishes a foundation for new studies.

  • Typically follows an essay format: introduction, body, conclusion. Discuss key topics/themes.

Guidelines for Writing the RRL

  1. Choose a topic: A central research question should guide your literature review, interpreted and analyzed in a synthesized way.

  2. Decide on the scope: Determine boundaries such as time frame, key themes, and types of sources.

  3. Select databases: Use reliable academic databases (e.g., Google Scholar, JSTOR, PubMed) to find credible research materials.

  4. Conduct research: Search for studies, articles, and papers related to your topic using relevant keywords.

  5. Review literature: Analyze and synthesize sources, identifying key themes, trends, gaps, and differing viewpoints.

Citing Related Literature using APA

Citation Definition

  • A formal reference to a published or unpublished source.

  • It's essential for avoiding plagiarism and giving credit to original authors.

Purposes of Citation

  • Respect contributors for their knowledge.

  • Provide authority, validity, and credibility to claims.

  • Show extensive reading of authentic materials.

  • Help readers locate sources of ideas.

  • Enable readers to check accuracy of work.

Citing Methods

Acknowledgment

  • Recognizes individuals contributing to producing the research paper.

References or Bibliography

  • Complete list of materials used for borrowed ideas.

In-text Citation

  • References within the main body of text, must correspond with the reference list.

Patterns of Citation

  • Summary: Shortened version of original text.

  • Paraphrase: Explanation in your own words.

  • Short Direct Quotation: Copied text up to 40 words with page number.

  • Long Direct Quotation: Text exceeding 40 words presented as a block.

The APA Format for In-text Citations

Sources with One Author

  • Format: Author's last name, year of publication.

Sources with Two Authors

  • Format: Use "and" in narrative; use "&" in parentheses.

Sources with Three or More Authors

  • Mention first author followed by "et al."

Organizational Author

  • Name of the organization or group followed by its abbreviation.

Multiple Works

  • Separate authors with semi-colons.

Direct Quotations

Less than 40 words

  • Quote within quotation marks followed by citation.

More than 40 words

  • Present as a block quotation without quotation marks, include citation at the end.

References Format

General Rules

  • Elements: Author, Date, Title, Source.

One Author

  • Format: surname, first name initials, year, title (italicized), place of publication.

Multiple Authors

  • Use "&" for the second author.

Organizational Author

  • Full name followed by a period.

Publications with Month and Year

Titles with Edition and Volume Numbers

  • Include edition (e.g., 3rd ed.) and volume number in parentheses.

Sources from a Webpage/DOI

  • End with the URL or DOI number.

Organizing Related Literature

  • Chronological Order: Organize by publication date.

  • Broad to Specific: Start with general issues, then specific issues.

  • Major Models/Theories: Arrange according to significance.

  • Prominent Authors: Organize based on popularity.

  • Contrasting Schools of Thought: Group differing viewpoints together.

  • Thematic Concept or Topic: Focus on specific concepts rather than chronological order.

Ethical Standards in Research

Definition

  • Ethics concerns right or wrong principles, ensuring fairness, respect, and integrity in studies.

Points for Ethical Considerations

  1. Understand Intellectual Property (IP) rights.

  2. Follow ethical use of information.

Intellectual Property Rights

  • Divided into Industrial property (inventions, trademarks) and Copyright (literary and artistic works).

  • Illegal to copy and present others' work as your own without citation.

Ethical Use of Information

  • Recognize how to quote, paraphrase, and cite the work of others, avoiding plagiarism.

Tips for Ethical Information Use

  • Cite authors to give credit.

  • References showcase credible evidence in related literature.