Anatomy Chapter 1

Chapter 1: An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Overview

• Author: Deborah A. Hutchinson, Seattle University

• Publisher: Pearson Education, Inc. (2018)

Learning Outcomes

• 1-1: Mastering learning through text and art integration.

• 1-2: Define anatomy and physiology; explain their relationship and specialties.

• 1-3: Major levels of organization in organisms and components of each organ system.

• 1-4: Origins and significance of anatomical and physiological terms, including Terminologia Anatomica.

• 1-5: Use anatomical terms for body regions, sections, and positions.

• 1-6: Identify major body cavities and subdivisions, describing each function.

• 1-7: Explain the concept of homeostasis.

• 1-8: Describe negative and positive feedback in homeostatic regulation.

1-1: Using Text and Art

• Integration of Text and Art: Study text alongside relevant figures to facilitate understanding.

• Sections: Each topic is organized into sections for clarity.

• Learning Outcomes: Objectives are defined at the chapter's beginning, guiding key learning goals.

1-2: Anatomy and Physiology

• Anatomy: Describes body structures including:

  • What they are made of

  • Where they are located

  • Associated structures

• Physiology: Examines:

  • Functions of anatomical structures

  • Individual and cooperative functions of systems

Specialties of Human Anatomy

• Gross Anatomy (Macroscopic): Examining large visible structures.

  • Surface Anatomy: External features

  • Regional Anatomy: Specific body areas

  • Systemic Anatomy: Organ systems

  • Clinical Anatomy: Medical specialties

  • Developmental Anatomy: From conception to adulthood

• Microscopic Anatomy: Studies cells and molecules.

  • Cytology: Study of cells

  • Histology: Study of tissues

Human Physiology Specializations

• Cell Physiology: Functions of cells

• Organ Physiology: Functions of specific organs

• Systemic Physiology: Functions of organ systems

• Pathological Physiology: Effects of diseases on organs or systems

1-3: Levels of Organization

• Chemical Level: Atoms are the smallest units; Molecules are groups of atoms.

• Cellular Level: Cells are the smallest living units.

• Tissue Level: Tissues are groups of cells working together.

• Organ Level: Organs consist of two or more tissues.

• Organ System Level: Systems comprise interacting organs (11 systems in humans).

• Organism Level: An individual life form.

Visuals of Organization

• Figures 1–2 details the different levels of organization with examples.

1-4: Organ Systems Overview

• Integumentary: Skin, hair, nails – Protects and regulates temperature.

• Skeletal: Bones, cartilages – Support, protection, and blood cell formation.

• Muscular: Skeletal muscles – Movement, protection, heat generation.

• Nervous: Brain, spinal cord, nerves – Directs responses and sensory interpretation.

• Endocrine: Glands – Long-term control of body activities and metabolism.

• Cardiovascular: Heart, blood vessels – Transports materials in the body.

• Lymphatic: Spleen, lymph nodes – Defends against diseases.

• Respiratory: Lungs – Gas exchange and acid-base balance.

• Digestive: Gastrointestinal tract – Nutrient processing and absorption.

• Urinary: Kidneys – Waste excretion and regulation of body fluids.

• Reproductive: Organs for producing offspring and hormones.

1-5: Medical Terminology

• Medical Terminology: Terms related to the body in health/disease, replacing eponyms with precise terms.

Anatomical Terminology

• Surface Anatomy: Locating structures on or near the body surface.

• Anatomical Position: Hands at sides, palms forward.

• Supine: Lying face up; Prone: Lying face down.

Anatomical Landmarks

• Identified regions essential for description and communication in anatomy.

1-6: Body Cavities and Functions

• Ventral Body Cavity: Divided into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, containing visceral organs.

• Serous Membrane: Lines cavities and covers organs with parietal and visceral layers.

Thoracic Cavity Components

• Right and Left Pleural Cavities: House lungs.

• Mediastinum: Contains heart and great vessels.

Abdominopelvic Cavity Components

• Peritoneal Cavity: Surrounds organs within the abdominal cavity.

• Retroperitoneal Space: Contains organs like kidneys and pancreas.

1-7: Homeostasis

• Homeostasis: Maintaining a stable internal environment through the collaboration of body systems.

• Homeostatic Regulation Types:

  • Autoregulation: Automatic responses to environmental changes.

  • Extrinsic Regulation: Controlled by the nervous and endocrine systems.

Mechanism of Homeostatic Regulation

• Receptor: Detects stimulus.

• Control Center: Processes and sends instructions.

• Effector: Carries out the response to maintain set points.

1-8: Feedback Mechanisms

• Negative Feedback: Response negates the stimulus; essential for maintaining homeostasis.

• Positive Feedback: Response amplifies the initial stimulus; used in situations like blood clotting.

Systems Integration

• All systems contribute to maintain equilibrium through balanced forces. Failure in these systems can lead to disease.