6.4 & 6.7 AP Euro - Social Effects and Changes of Industrial Revoultion

Topic 6.4 - Social Effects of Industrialization  

Development of classes  

Led to massive social changes = in Western and Northern Europe led to self-conscious classes with clear division of labor  

Proletariat - working class (factories or mines) 

- Moved from rural to urban = urbanization  

- cities not ready for larger population with housing = tenements - hastily constructed apartment buildings with poor ventilation and no indoor plumbing 

Poor ventilation = tuberculosis spread, no plumbing = waste out the window  

Solidarity in working class = worked together to provide support each other was lacking 

  • Mutual aid societies = working class pledged to help each other in times of need 

Bourgeoise - middle class or white collar (medicine, management, law) 

Moved to suburbs  

Conscious of class = not through working together but activities  

- formed philanthropic organizations to create museums, schools and hospitals  

- social organizations = Freemasons - fraternal organization for middle class men to help pursue common interests 

  • Eastern & Southern Europe = slow to industrialization, from 1750-1850 social structures remained unchanged  

Family Life - how institution of family was changed  

Nurturing nuclear family or parents and children not extended, women and children didn’t work = gender roles in middle class  

  • men worked; women stayed home = cult of domesticity/ status symbol  

Proletariat = everyone worked including children, farmers = family economy where everyone worked moved to cities with same family economy  

Urban arrangement of family work = together, Factory setting of family work = different places 

Children needed to work for family to survive  

Factory Act of 1833 (England) - child under 9 couldn’t work, but children 9-13 could work  

  • mandated schooling for children = 2 hours a day  

  • Law didn’t work - families falsified documents for children to work, children couldn’t complete schooling anyway 

  • Law - effect of making others aware that children should be protected from factory life 

Ten Hour Law in 1847 (England) - limited working hours to 10 a day  

  • Before hours set by factory workers = 12-14 hours a day, don’t want to cut hours 

  • Parliament restricted total work hours to ten for children 13-18 & banned anyone under 13 from working  

  • Law broken by families - law didn’t address families that needed the money from children working, government saying you should figure out a way to live with half your income  

Leisure culture = urban parks for strolls or a bicycle, theater, the arts, spectator sports (boxing, horse races, rugby) 

People married for love in middle class then filtered down to working class  

increased finances and ideals from authors like Jane Austen (characters married for love) = became the ideal  

Topic 6.7 - Ideologies of Change and Reform Movements  

Massive shift in power & social structures from Industrial Rev., rupture in status quo in French Rev. & suppression of revolts in conservative Age of Metternich = disruption in Europe  

Liberalism = Enlightenment Idea 

- popular sovereignty = power to govern in the hands of the people  

- natural rights 

- limited government = not an all-powerful government 

- Enlightened self- interest - person acting in interests in society = acting in personal self interest 

Jeremy Bentham (British philosopher) - ideas set stage for current liberalism in the 1800’s - utilitarianism = actions should be judged in the increase of happiness of those affected by the action 

Different than Christian morality = based on scriptural sanctions for right or wrong 

Ex. Bible = always wrong to kill a person, Utilitarianism = killing person is okay if benefits society and increases others happiness  

John Stuart Mill - emphasized happiness of individual (Bentham) & society as a whole, liberals debated principles reaches (& to whom) 

  • Liberalism shifted to elite class = kept government regulations out of business, Ex. right to vote should be limited to people with land = real stake in society  

Chartism - disliked right to vote limited to landed people 

- Demanded universal male suffrage, full citizenship without respect to wealthy, title, or property 

- Fizzled out despite mid 19th century effort, reforms than won by other groups later in century 

John Stuart Mill (the subjection of women) - argued equality for women & men 

  • Women should have right to vote, hold property, & have professional careers  

Flora Tristen (French) - laid groundwork for extending suffrage to women  

Socialism - demands a society’s production owned by whole community not personally 

Aka. called for redistribution of societies wealth out of Industrial Rev.  

Utopian Socialism (Henri de Saint-Simon) - society given to the workers (would produce organize just societies) and taken from aristocracy or church (produced nothing of value) 

  • Called utopian = ideas to grand to work in reality, Saint-Simon didn’t attempt to do it 

  • Provided template for later socialist movements  

Charles Fourier & Robert Owen (disciples of Sant-Simon) - created intentional communities = prototype communities in Scotland with 8-hour workdays, shared property, & free education for children 

Marxism - Scientific Socialism (Karl Marx) 

Distressed by injustice of society with gap between rich & poor class  

  • Believed utopian socialism couldn’t work because of capitalism  

  • Made a socialism based on standards of scientists  

Marx & Friedrich Engles created the communist manifesto 

- thought that history obeys laws like physical obeys laws of physics = history followed patterns & stages to reach its goal, class struggle>economic wealth 

- equal rights for men & women = women became Marxist leaders, Ex. Clara Zetkin - lead charge against privileges of the bourgeoise & worked on reform behalf of women, Rosa Luxembourg - worked for secure rights in working class & lead a revolution 

Industrialization created a rift between Bourgeoise (middle class) & Proletariat (working class) = new social arrangement needed  

Seen history = once working class realize the exploitment of their class from middle class would create a large revolution & overthrow middle class (end of class struggle) 

Anarchy - all forms of governmental authority = unnecessary, should be replaced with volunteering cooperative society  

Macau Bakunan - wanted secret societies to destroy government to replace it with self-governing workers & communes 

George Sorel (similar) - once rose up to destroy government = all property transferred to labor unions