Psych notes
For congenital deafness, a cochlear implant that passes hair cells and stimulates the auditory nerve directly can restore hearing.
The eye: we perceive a small hand of the electromagnetic spectrum (7:00 am- You)
Short waves- blue
Middle waves- green
Long waves- red
The amplitude of light waves determines brightness.
Big amp- bright
Small amp- dark
Light enters the eye through the pupil, and pupil size is determined by the light available pupil dilates in dim light pupil constricts in bright light.
Pupil size also affected by emotion something interesting- causes the pupil to dilate.
Iris is eye color
Accommodation: Light passes through a crystalline lens that bends the light to have the image in focus, a process called.
The image is inverted on the back of the eye.
2 types of focusing problems:
- Nearsightedness or Myopia - the eye is too long causing far objects to look blurry because the image is focused in the front of the retina.
- Farsightedness or hyperopia is too short so near objects are blurry because the image is in focus beyond the retina.
Epidemics of myopia because too little time outdoors causes dopamine to elongate the eyeball.
Light passes through the vitreous humor and reaches light-sensitive cells called photoreceptors at the back of the eye, called the retina.
The photoreceptors are the source of visual sensory transduction, converting light waves into neural messages.
rods + cones - bipolar cells- ganglion cells
Color vision- 2 systems to see in color
- Trichromatic system - 3 types of cones
L cones- red
M cones- green S cones- blue
Additive color mixing is how the 3 cone inputs create the rainbow of colors we see
Damage to one of the cones leads to color blindness.
Deuteranopia- damage to M cones and is the most common - Blue-yellow
- Opponent process system- red green blue yellow - opponent pairs of colors
Perception- selection, organization, and interpretation of our sensation
Necker cube- shows that a single sensation can lead to multiple perceptions.
Selection- perception is selective - we can only have one interpretation at a time
Selective attention- bringing awareness to a particular perception
Interpretation- the brain seeks an understanding of what it senses
Organization- Gestalt psychologists enumerated the principles of perceptual organization- organizing our sensations into perception
- Separating figure from ground
- Principles of grouping
- Proximity- we group nearby objects together
- Similarity- we group physically similar elements together
- Continuity- we prefer continuous or discontinuous patterns
- Closure- we fill in gaps to create complete whole objects
Visual cliff experiment suggests that depth perception is partially innate
We transform our 2-D sensations to 3-D perceptions by using hints or cues present in the visual scene
Binocular cue- need both eyes.
Retinal disparity- 2 eyes have slightly different views of a scene
The brain fuses the 2 views to see the world in depth
Depth perception
- Binocular cues- retinal disparity
- Monocular cues- only need one eye also known as pictorial cues
- Relative size- among similar sized objects, the ones that cast a smaller image on the retina are perceived father away
- Intropostion- if one object partially blocks our view of another we perceive it as closer.
- Relative height- we perceive objects higher in the field of view as father away
We perceive vertical lines as longer than horizontal lines
- Texture gradient- when a collection of objects changes from big + shattered to small + dense we perceive an increase in distance away
- Relative emotion- when moving through the scene, near objects move away quickly where far objects move with you slowly
- Linear perspective- when projecting a 3-D scene on a 2-D surface (camera) the parallel lines converge with distance onto the vanishing point
Perceptual constancies- the experience of the world remains constant despite changes in the size and shape of objects on our retina
Shape constancy- shape appears the same despite changes in the angle of viewing
Size constancy- size appears the same despite change in the distance of viewing
The Kenge story shows how size constancy requires experience with distance
The Ponzo illusion shows that people will fail in size constancy when they think a same-sized object is farther away.
The muller- Lyer illusion shows a failure of size constancy because we perceive interior corners as father away than exterior corners
Psych notes
For congenital deafness, a cochlear implant that passes hair cells and stimulates the auditory nerve directly can restore hearing.
The eye: we perceive a small hand of the electromagnetic spectrum (7:00 am- You)
Short waves- blue
Middle waves- green
Long waves- red
The amplitude of light waves determines brightness.
Big amp- bright
Small amp- dark
Light enters the eye through the pupil, and pupil size is determined by the light available pupil dilates in dim light pupil constricts in bright light.
Pupil size also affected by emotion something interesting- causes the pupil to dilate.
Iris is eye color
Accommodation: Light passes through a crystalline lens that bends the light to have the image in focus, a process called.
The image is inverted on the back of the eye.
2 types of focusing problems:
- Nearsightedness or Myopia - the eye is too long causing far objects to look blurry because the image is focused in the front of the retina.
- Farsightedness or hyperopia is too short so near objects are blurry because the image is in focus beyond the retina.
Epidemics of myopia because too little time outdoors causes dopamine to elongate the eyeball.
Light passes through the vitreous humor and reaches light-sensitive cells called photoreceptors at the back of the eye, called the retina.
The photoreceptors are the source of visual sensory transduction, converting light waves into neural messages.
rods + cones - bipolar cells- ganglion cells
Color vision- 2 systems to see in color
- Trichromatic system - 3 types of cones
L cones- red
M cones- green S cones- blue
Additive color mixing is how the 3 cone inputs create the rainbow of colors we see
Damage to one of the cones leads to color blindness.
Deuteranopia- damage to M cones and is the most common - Blue-yellow
- Opponent process system- red green blue yellow - opponent pairs of colors
Perception- selection, organization, and interpretation of our sensation
Necker cube- shows that a single sensation can lead to multiple perceptions.
Selection- perception is selective - we can only have one interpretation at a time
Selective attention- bringing awareness to a particular perception
Interpretation- the brain seeks an understanding of what it senses
Organization- Gestalt psychologists enumerated the principles of perceptual organization- organizing our sensations into perception
- Separating figure from ground
- Principles of grouping
- Proximity- we group nearby objects together
- Similarity- we group physically similar elements together
- Continuity- we prefer continuous or discontinuous patterns
- Closure- we fill in gaps to create complete whole objects
Visual cliff experiment suggests that depth perception is partially innate
We transform our 2-D sensations to 3-D perceptions by using hints or cues present in the visual scene
Binocular cue- need both eyes.
Retinal disparity- 2 eyes have slightly different views of a scene
The brain fuses the 2 views to see the world in depth
Depth perception
- Binocular cues- retinal disparity
- Monocular cues- only need one eye also known as pictorial cues
- Relative size- among similar sized objects, the ones that cast a smaller image on the retina are perceived father away
- Intropostion- if one object partially blocks our view of another we perceive it as closer.
- Relative height- we perceive objects higher in the field of view as father away
We perceive vertical lines as longer than horizontal lines
- Texture gradient- when a collection of objects changes from big + shattered to small + dense we perceive an increase in distance away
- Relative emotion- when moving through the scene, near objects move away quickly where far objects move with you slowly
- Linear perspective- when projecting a 3-D scene on a 2-D surface (camera) the parallel lines converge with distance onto the vanishing point
Perceptual constancies- the experience of the world remains constant despite changes in the size and shape of objects on our retina
Shape constancy- shape appears the same despite changes in the angle of viewing
Size constancy- size appears the same despite change in the distance of viewing
The Kenge story shows how size constancy requires experience with distance
The Ponzo illusion shows that people will fail in size constancy when they think a same-sized object is farther away.
The muller- Lyer illusion shows a failure of size constancy because we perceive interior corners as father away than exterior corners
