Home
Home
knowt logo

CH6: Ecology: Preserving the Animal Kingdom

ECOLOGY

  • Study of relationships of organisms to their environment

 

ANIMALS AND THEIR ABIOTIC ENVIRONMENT

HABITAT

All living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) characteristics of an area in which animals live

TOLERANCE RANGE

Range of values for any abiotic factor that is compatible with life for an animal

RANGE OF OPTIMUM

Range of values that defines the conditions under which the animal is most successful

LIMITING FACTOR

Any combination of abiotic factors that is outside the tolerance range for that factor

TAXIS

Orientation of an animal with respect to an abiotic factor

 

 

ENERGY

 

ENERGY BUDGET

  • An accounting of an animal's total energy intake and description of how energy is used

 

HETEROTROPHIC

  • Organisms that supply energy needs by ingesting other organisms

  • Animals

 

AUTOTROPHIC

  • Organism that carry on photosynthesis or other carbon fixing activities to supply food

    • Plants

    • Algae

    • Protists

 

TEMPERATURE

HEAT LOSS

  • Infrared and heat radiations to surroundings

  • Convection to air

  • Evaporative heat

    • From the animal

 

HEAT GAIN

  • Solar radiation

  • Infrared and heat radition from surroundings

    • To the animal

 

METABOLISM & TEMPERATURE DURING RESOURCE SCARCITY

TORPOR

  • Decreased metabolism & lowered body temperature

  • brief daily periods

    • Bats

    • Hummingbirds

 

HIBERNATION

  • Decreased metabolism and lowered body temperature

  • Weeks or months

    • Rodents

    • Shrews

    • Bats

 

WINTER SLEEP

  • Weeks or months

  • Animal is easily aroused

  • Body temperature drops, but less than hibernation

    • Black bears

 

AESTIVATION

  • Period of inactivity through extended periods of drying

  • Within burrows

    • Invertebrates

    • Reptiles

    • Amphibians

    • Lungfish

 

OTHER ABIOTIC FACTORS

MOISTURE

  • Water lost must be replaced

 

LIGHT

  • Timing daily activities

 

GEOLOGY AND SOILS

  • Texture, organic matter, water content

 

POPULATIONS

  • Groups of individuals of the same species that occupy a given area at the same time and have unique attributes

 

POPULATION GROWTH

SURVIVORSHIP

  • Populations change over time as a result of birth, death, and dispersal

 

 

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH

  • Potential to increase by a constant ratio per unit time

 

ENVIRONMENTAL RESISTANCE

  • Constraints placed on growth by climate, food, space and other factor

 

CARRYING CAPACITY (K)

  • Population size a particular environment can support

 

 

LOGISTIC POPULATION GROWTH

  • S-shaped growth curve because population reaches environment's carrying capacity

 

POPULATION REGULATION

DENSITY- INDEPENDENT FACTORS

  • Factors that limit regardless of population size

    • Di nakaka-affect konti or marami man yung animals

      • Extreme cold

      • Deforestation

 

DENSITY- DEPENDENT FACTORS

  • Factors that are more severe when population density is high

    • Nagmamatter yung dami ng animals

      • Disease

      • Resource competition

      • Predation

      • Parasitism

 

INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION

  • Competition for resources among members of the same species

  • More tense

 

INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION

  • Competition by members of different species for the same limiting resources

 

 

COEVOLUTION

  • Evolution of ecologically related species

  • reciprocal evolutionary change that occurs between pairs of species or among groups of species as they interact with one another

 

SYMBIOSIS

  • 2 different species living in continuing, intimate associations

    • living together in close association of two different kinds of organisms

 

PARASITISM

One member (parasite) lives at expense of the host

COMMENSALISM

One member benefits and second member is neither helped nor harmed

MUTUALISM

Both members benefit from each other

INTERSPECIFIC ADAPTATIONS

CAMOUFLAGE

  • Color patterns help hide an animal

  •  
     

 

COUNTERSHADING

  • Contrasting coloration helps conceal an animal

 

APOSEMATIC COLORATION

  • Conspicuous color patterns

  • Warning to predators

  • signal their unprofitability to potential predators

 

MIMICRY

  • Species resembles one or more other species

  • Protection from resemblance

 

 

COMMUNITIES

  • All populations living in an area

 

COMMUNITY STABILITY

 

SUCCESSION

  • Dominant members of a community change the community in predictable ways

 

PIONEER COMMUNITY

  • First community to become established

 

SERAL STAGE

  • Successional stage where life forms make area less fit for themselves

 

CLIMAX COMMUNITY

  • Final community

  • Stable, can tolerate their own reactions

 

TROPHIC STRUCTURE OF ECOSYSTEMS

ECOSYSTEMS

  • Communities and their physical environment

 

PRIMARY PRODUCTION

Energy converted to living tissues per unit time

BIOMASS

Total mass of all organisms in an ecosystem

FOOD CHAIN

Sequence of organisms through which energy moves

FOOD WEB

Complexly interconnected food chains

 

TROPHIC LEVELS

  • Groupings of organisms based on form of energy used

 

PRODUCERS ⇢ autotrophs

 

CONSUMERS ⇢ heterotrophs

 

  • Herbivores

  • Carnivores

  • Scavengers

  • Decomposers

 

 

ECOSYSTEM CYCLES

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES

  • Matter is constantly recycled within ecosystems

  • Cycling of matter from nonliving reservoirs, through living systems and back to nonliving

 

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES

 

GASEOUS CYCLES

  • Oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen

  • Atmosphere/ocean reservoir

SEDIMENTARY CYCLES

  • Sulfur, phosphorous, calcium

  • Earth Reservoir

 

BIODIVERSITY

  • Variety of living organisms in an ecosystem

    • Greater diversity creates natural ecosystem sustainability

PJ

CH6: Ecology: Preserving the Animal Kingdom

ECOLOGY

  • Study of relationships of organisms to their environment

 

ANIMALS AND THEIR ABIOTIC ENVIRONMENT

HABITAT

All living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) characteristics of an area in which animals live

TOLERANCE RANGE

Range of values for any abiotic factor that is compatible with life for an animal

RANGE OF OPTIMUM

Range of values that defines the conditions under which the animal is most successful

LIMITING FACTOR

Any combination of abiotic factors that is outside the tolerance range for that factor

TAXIS

Orientation of an animal with respect to an abiotic factor

 

 

ENERGY

 

ENERGY BUDGET

  • An accounting of an animal's total energy intake and description of how energy is used

 

HETEROTROPHIC

  • Organisms that supply energy needs by ingesting other organisms

  • Animals

 

AUTOTROPHIC

  • Organism that carry on photosynthesis or other carbon fixing activities to supply food

    • Plants

    • Algae

    • Protists

 

TEMPERATURE

HEAT LOSS

  • Infrared and heat radiations to surroundings

  • Convection to air

  • Evaporative heat

    • From the animal

 

HEAT GAIN

  • Solar radiation

  • Infrared and heat radition from surroundings

    • To the animal

 

METABOLISM & TEMPERATURE DURING RESOURCE SCARCITY

TORPOR

  • Decreased metabolism & lowered body temperature

  • brief daily periods

    • Bats

    • Hummingbirds

 

HIBERNATION

  • Decreased metabolism and lowered body temperature

  • Weeks or months

    • Rodents

    • Shrews

    • Bats

 

WINTER SLEEP

  • Weeks or months

  • Animal is easily aroused

  • Body temperature drops, but less than hibernation

    • Black bears

 

AESTIVATION

  • Period of inactivity through extended periods of drying

  • Within burrows

    • Invertebrates

    • Reptiles

    • Amphibians

    • Lungfish

 

OTHER ABIOTIC FACTORS

MOISTURE

  • Water lost must be replaced

 

LIGHT

  • Timing daily activities

 

GEOLOGY AND SOILS

  • Texture, organic matter, water content

 

POPULATIONS

  • Groups of individuals of the same species that occupy a given area at the same time and have unique attributes

 

POPULATION GROWTH

SURVIVORSHIP

  • Populations change over time as a result of birth, death, and dispersal

 

 

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH

  • Potential to increase by a constant ratio per unit time

 

ENVIRONMENTAL RESISTANCE

  • Constraints placed on growth by climate, food, space and other factor

 

CARRYING CAPACITY (K)

  • Population size a particular environment can support

 

 

LOGISTIC POPULATION GROWTH

  • S-shaped growth curve because population reaches environment's carrying capacity

 

POPULATION REGULATION

DENSITY- INDEPENDENT FACTORS

  • Factors that limit regardless of population size

    • Di nakaka-affect konti or marami man yung animals

      • Extreme cold

      • Deforestation

 

DENSITY- DEPENDENT FACTORS

  • Factors that are more severe when population density is high

    • Nagmamatter yung dami ng animals

      • Disease

      • Resource competition

      • Predation

      • Parasitism

 

INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION

  • Competition for resources among members of the same species

  • More tense

 

INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION

  • Competition by members of different species for the same limiting resources

 

 

COEVOLUTION

  • Evolution of ecologically related species

  • reciprocal evolutionary change that occurs between pairs of species or among groups of species as they interact with one another

 

SYMBIOSIS

  • 2 different species living in continuing, intimate associations

    • living together in close association of two different kinds of organisms

 

PARASITISM

One member (parasite) lives at expense of the host

COMMENSALISM

One member benefits and second member is neither helped nor harmed

MUTUALISM

Both members benefit from each other

INTERSPECIFIC ADAPTATIONS

CAMOUFLAGE

  • Color patterns help hide an animal

  •  
     

 

COUNTERSHADING

  • Contrasting coloration helps conceal an animal

 

APOSEMATIC COLORATION

  • Conspicuous color patterns

  • Warning to predators

  • signal their unprofitability to potential predators

 

MIMICRY

  • Species resembles one or more other species

  • Protection from resemblance

 

 

COMMUNITIES

  • All populations living in an area

 

COMMUNITY STABILITY

 

SUCCESSION

  • Dominant members of a community change the community in predictable ways

 

PIONEER COMMUNITY

  • First community to become established

 

SERAL STAGE

  • Successional stage where life forms make area less fit for themselves

 

CLIMAX COMMUNITY

  • Final community

  • Stable, can tolerate their own reactions

 

TROPHIC STRUCTURE OF ECOSYSTEMS

ECOSYSTEMS

  • Communities and their physical environment

 

PRIMARY PRODUCTION

Energy converted to living tissues per unit time

BIOMASS

Total mass of all organisms in an ecosystem

FOOD CHAIN

Sequence of organisms through which energy moves

FOOD WEB

Complexly interconnected food chains

 

TROPHIC LEVELS

  • Groupings of organisms based on form of energy used

 

PRODUCERS ⇢ autotrophs

 

CONSUMERS ⇢ heterotrophs

 

  • Herbivores

  • Carnivores

  • Scavengers

  • Decomposers

 

 

ECOSYSTEM CYCLES

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES

  • Matter is constantly recycled within ecosystems

  • Cycling of matter from nonliving reservoirs, through living systems and back to nonliving

 

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES

 

GASEOUS CYCLES

  • Oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen

  • Atmosphere/ocean reservoir

SEDIMENTARY CYCLES

  • Sulfur, phosphorous, calcium

  • Earth Reservoir

 

BIODIVERSITY

  • Variety of living organisms in an ecosystem

    • Greater diversity creates natural ecosystem sustainability

robot