HE100 - Lecture 2 - Intro + The Human Body Overview
Page 1: Introduction
Course: HE100A - Health Issues I Lecture 2
Focus: Overview of health and the human body by Dr. Nicolas Rouleau, Ph.D.
Page 2: Definition of Health
World Health Organization (WHO) Definition:
Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.
Not just the absence of disease or infirmity.
Health is dynamic and multifactorial.
Concept of Wellness: Emphasizes maximizing health across multiple dimensions.
Page 3: Illness-Wellness Continuum
John Travis' Model: Represents the spectrum from illness to wellness.
Wellness Paradigm: Ranges from death to maturity, highlighting signs and symptoms.
Neutral Point: No discernable illness or wellness.
Page 4: Dimensions of Health
Physical Health: Body size, shape, function, susceptibility to disease.
Social Health: Quality of relationships and communication skills.
Intellectual Health: Ability to think, reason, and make responsible decisions.
Emotional Health: Expression of emotions, maintaining self-esteem, and trust.
Occupational Health: Satisfaction and balance between work and life.
Environmental Health: Awareness of environmental hazards and protection needs.
Spiritual Health: Sense of meaning, purpose, strength, and hope.
Page 5: Life Expectancy
Defined as the number of years a person is expected to live based on birth year.
Influences: Gender, geography, diet, global conflicts.
Trends: Increased from 60 in the 1920s to 80 in the 2000s.
Page 6: Morbidity and Mortality
Morbidity: Refers to illness or disease.
Mortality: Refers to death.
Both are measured as rates (e.g., infant mortality).
Infant Mortality Rate Calculation: Number of deaths under 1 year per 1000 live births.
Low rates indicate better access to medical interventions.
Page 7: Incidence and Prevalence
Incidence: New cases of a specific condition in a population over a specified time.
Prevalence: Total existing cases of a specific condition in a population over time.
Both are expressed as rates.
Page 8: Classification of Disease
Types: Acute (sudden onset) and chronic (long-standing).
Our medical system primarily addresses acute needs.
Infectious vs. Non-infectious:
Infectious diseases caused by pathogens.
Non-infectious diseases caused by genetics, trauma, or environment without pathogens.
Page 9: Leading Causes of Death in Canada
Historical context: Pre-20th century causes were often infectious (e.g., tuberculosis, pneumonia).
Modern causes shifted to chronic diseases: heart disease, cancer, psychiatric conditions.
Page 10: Risk and Resilience Factors
Risk Factors: Increase chances of developing disorders; can be modifiable (e.g., diet) or non-modifiable (e.g., age).
Resilience Factors: Decrease likelihood of developing disorders; can be physical, psychological, social, etc.
Page 11: Epigenetics
Definition: Modifications that embed environmental influences to alter gene expression without changing the DNA sequence.
Examples: Stress can cause epigenetic changes impacting metabolism, cognition, etc.
These modifications can foster adaptive traits.
Page 12: Overview of the Human Body
Introduction to discussions regarding human structure and function.
Page 13: Philosophical Perspectives
Examination of Eastern and Western philosophical contributions to body-mind understanding.
Dual and Non-Dual Models: Differing spiritual traditions and their views on the body and mind.
Page 14: Historical Investigations
Empirical investigations of body structure and function historically emerged due to warfare.
Page 15: Dualism
Concept: Body and mind as separate entities.
Body is physical; mind is non-physical.
Mind is perceived as a vessel existing outside the body (e.g., Pneuma, Soul).
Page 16: Physicalism
Concept: Mind is equivalent to body; reducible to physical events.
Neural activity encompasses all aspects of consciousness.
Does not resolve the 'Hard Problem' of consciousness.
Page 17: Dual-Aspect Monism
Combines mental and physical aspects into one entity.
Objective and subjective experiences are dimensions of the same process.
Consciousness exists outside empirical reach.
Page 18: Structure of the Body
Body structure is nested and self-similar across different spatial scales.
Understanding relationships from micro (molecules) to macro (organisms).
Example: Cells are significantly smaller than the overall organism.
Page 19: Temporal Changes in the Body
The human body undergoes continuous change.
From embryonic development, post-birth brain development, to aging processes.
Page 20: Embryogenesis
Development from a single cell into a complex organism.
Cells express genes for morphogenesis while following a body plan blueprint.
Discuss the relationship with cancer and regeneration.
Page 21: Maturation and Senescence
The continuous process of growth and aging.
Changes in tissue density, immune system function, and sexual maturity.
Aging linked to entropy; results in imperfect cell replacement.
Page 22: Cells: Building Blocks of the Body
Cells as fundamental units composed of 70% water, enclosed by membranes, and containing organelles.
Functions: protein synthesis, communication, migration, specialization, auto-destruction.
Page 23: Multicellularity and Complex Functions
Evolution from single-celled organisms to multicellularity.
Cooperation among cells leads to complex functions and specialized structures.
Page 24: Molecular Biology Perspective
Focus on molecular biology's role in physiology and medicine.
Understanding how molecular events shape health and disease.
Page 25: Bioelectricity in Cell Function
Cells respond to physical stimuli (e.g., light, electric fields).
Notably observed in neurons and cardiomyocytes, while all cells maintain a resting potential.
Page 26: Body-Environment Interactions
Exploring the boundary between self and environment.
Microorganisms inhabit our bodies; examples include skin and gut flora.
Viral DNA and evolutionary relationships with mitochondria.
Page 27: The Microbiome
The human body contains more non-human cells than human cells.
Recognition of the importance of gut-brain interactions.
Page 28: Cancer Development
Cancers arise from the body's own cells.
Link between lifespan increase and cancer prevalence without interventions.
Page 29: Interconnected Body Systems
The body as a system of interconnected tissues through blood and nerve networks.
Immune and endocrine systems collaborate to maintain homeostasis.
Page 30: Spatial Planes of the Body
Planes: Introduced to understand body orientation.
Transverse, Coronal, Sagittal planes discussed.
Page 31: Anatomical Terminology
Key Terms: Superior, inferior, lateral, medial references for body orientation.
Page 32: Body Systems
Overview of how the body is divided into systems for study.
Examples: Circulatory, respiratory, digestive, musculoskeletal, nervous, endocrine, integumentary, immune, renal, and reproductive systems.
Page 33: Circulatory System
Structure and function of the circulatory system.
Heart as the pump for blood circulation, forming a continuous circuit throughout the body.
Page 34: Respiratory System
Function of the respiratory system in gas exchange.
Alveolar sacs' role in oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange with the blood.
Page 35: Overview of Vascular Structures
Detailed exploration of blood vessel types: veins, arteries, and capillaries with specific anatomical features.
Page 37: Digestive System
Function of the digestive system in nutrient breakdown and absorption.
Distinction between nutrients and waste removal processes.
Page 38: Nutritional and Energy Management
Overview of how the body manages energy from various nutrients.
Processes like glycolysis, lipogenesis, and metabolite storage are highlighted.
Page 39: Anatomical Components of the Digestive System
Visual representation of various organs involved in digestion and associated structures.
Page 40: Musculoskeletal Systems
Description of muscle types and their roles in movement and energy consumption.
Page 41: Movement and Energy Functions
Overview of how muscle activation leads to movement and energy expenditure via heat production.
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Page 43: Nervous Systems
Role of nervous tissue in managing sensory and motor functions.
Complexity and energy requirements of the brain highlighted.
Page 44: Brain and Personality
Exploration of how individual personality and memories are encoded in neural connections.
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Page 46: Endocrine System
Overview: Hormonal signaling and systemic regulation of multiple bodily functions.
Page 47: The Pituitary Gland
Identified as the master endocrine gland; critical in various hormonal regulations.
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Page 49: Integumentary and Exocrine Systems
Functions of skin and exocrine glands in managing sensory input and barrier protection.
Page 50: Immune Systems
Describes the immune system's role in distinguishing self from non-self.
Organization along vascular networks for effective response.
Page 51: Divisions of the Immune System
Distinction between innate and adaptive immune responses and various cell types involved.
Page 52: Renal and Urinary Systems
Kidney functions in waste removal, fluid filtration, and urine formation.
Page 53: Kidney Function Details
Discussion of nephron structures and their role in urine production.
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Page 55: Reproductive Systems
Role and significance of reproductive systems in human proliferation.
Mechanisms for cell division and genetic variation.
Page 56: Fertilization Overview
Description of the fertilization process and the combination of genetic material from sperm and egg.