HE100 - Lecture 2 - Intro + The Human Body Overview

Page 1: Introduction

• Course: HE100A - Health Issues I Lecture 2

• Focus: Overview of health and the human body by Dr. Nicolas Rouleau, Ph.D.

Page 2: Definition of Health

• World Health Organization (WHO) Definition:

  • Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.

  • Not just the absence of disease or infirmity.

  • Health is dynamic and multifactorial.

  • Concept of Wellness: Emphasizes maximizing health across multiple dimensions.

Page 3: Illness-Wellness Continuum

• John Travis' Model: Represents the spectrum from illness to wellness.

  • Wellness Paradigm: Ranges from death to maturity, highlighting signs and symptoms.

  • Neutral Point: No discernable illness or wellness.

Page 4: Dimensions of Health

• Physical Health: Body size, shape, function, susceptibility to disease.

• Social Health: Quality of relationships and communication skills.

• Intellectual Health: Ability to think, reason, and make responsible decisions.

• Emotional Health: Expression of emotions, maintaining self-esteem, and trust.

• Occupational Health: Satisfaction and balance between work and life.

• Environmental Health: Awareness of environmental hazards and protection needs.

• Spiritual Health: Sense of meaning, purpose, strength, and hope.

Page 5: Life Expectancy

• Defined as the number of years a person is expected to live based on birth year.

• Influences: Gender, geography, diet, global conflicts.

• Trends: Increased from 60 in the 1920s to 80 in the 2000s.

Page 6: Morbidity and Mortality

• Morbidity: Refers to illness or disease.

• Mortality: Refers to death.

• Both are measured as rates (e.g., infant mortality).

  • Infant Mortality Rate Calculation: Number of deaths under 1 year per 1000 live births.

• Low rates indicate better access to medical interventions.

Page 7: Incidence and Prevalence

• Incidence: New cases of a specific condition in a population over a specified time.

• Prevalence: Total existing cases of a specific condition in a population over time.

• Both are expressed as rates.

Page 8: Classification of Disease

• Types: Acute (sudden onset) and chronic (long-standing).

• Our medical system primarily addresses acute needs.

• Infectious vs. Non-infectious:

  • Infectious diseases caused by pathogens.

  • Non-infectious diseases caused by genetics, trauma, or environment without pathogens.

Page 9: Leading Causes of Death in Canada

• Historical context: Pre-20th century causes were often infectious (e.g., tuberculosis, pneumonia).

• Modern causes shifted to chronic diseases: heart disease, cancer, psychiatric conditions.

Page 10: Risk and Resilience Factors

• Risk Factors: Increase chances of developing disorders; can be modifiable (e.g., diet) or non-modifiable (e.g., age).

• Resilience Factors: Decrease likelihood of developing disorders; can be physical, psychological, social, etc.

Page 11: Epigenetics

• Definition: Modifications that embed environmental influences to alter gene expression without changing the DNA sequence.

• Examples: Stress can cause epigenetic changes impacting metabolism, cognition, etc.

• These modifications can foster adaptive traits.

Page 12: Overview of the Human Body

• Introduction to discussions regarding human structure and function.

Page 13: Philosophical Perspectives

• Examination of Eastern and Western philosophical contributions to body-mind understanding.

  • Dual and Non-Dual Models: Differing spiritual traditions and their views on the body and mind.

Page 14: Historical Investigations

• Empirical investigations of body structure and function historically emerged due to warfare.

Page 15: Dualism

• Concept: Body and mind as separate entities.

  • Body is physical; mind is non-physical.

  • Mind is perceived as a vessel existing outside the body (e.g., Pneuma, Soul).

Page 16: Physicalism

• Concept: Mind is equivalent to body; reducible to physical events.

  • Neural activity encompasses all aspects of consciousness.

  • Does not resolve the 'Hard Problem' of consciousness.

Page 17: Dual-Aspect Monism

• Combines mental and physical aspects into one entity.

  • Objective and subjective experiences are dimensions of the same process.

  • Consciousness exists outside empirical reach.

Page 18: Structure of the Body

• Body structure is nested and self-similar across different spatial scales.

• Understanding relationships from micro (molecules) to macro (organisms).

  • Example: Cells are significantly smaller than the overall organism.

Page 19: Temporal Changes in the Body

• The human body undergoes continuous change.

  • From embryonic development, post-birth brain development, to aging processes.

Page 20: Embryogenesis

• Development from a single cell into a complex organism.

  • Cells express genes for morphogenesis while following a body plan blueprint.

  • Discuss the relationship with cancer and regeneration.

Page 21: Maturation and Senescence

• The continuous process of growth and aging.

  • Changes in tissue density, immune system function, and sexual maturity.

  • Aging linked to entropy; results in imperfect cell replacement.

Page 22: Cells: Building Blocks of the Body

• Cells as fundamental units composed of 70% water, enclosed by membranes, and containing organelles.

  • Functions: protein synthesis, communication, migration, specialization, auto-destruction.

Page 23: Multicellularity and Complex Functions

• Evolution from single-celled organisms to multicellularity.

  • Cooperation among cells leads to complex functions and specialized structures.

Page 24: Molecular Biology Perspective

• Focus on molecular biology's role in physiology and medicine.

  • Understanding how molecular events shape health and disease.

Page 25: Bioelectricity in Cell Function

• Cells respond to physical stimuli (e.g., light, electric fields).

  • Notably observed in neurons and cardiomyocytes, while all cells maintain a resting potential.

Page 26: Body-Environment Interactions

• Exploring the boundary between self and environment.

  • Microorganisms inhabit our bodies; examples include skin and gut flora.

  • Viral DNA and evolutionary relationships with mitochondria.

Page 27: The Microbiome

• The human body contains more non-human cells than human cells.

  • Recognition of the importance of gut-brain interactions.

Page 28: Cancer Development

• Cancers arise from the body's own cells.

  • Link between lifespan increase and cancer prevalence without interventions.

Page 29: Interconnected Body Systems

• The body as a system of interconnected tissues through blood and nerve networks.

  • Immune and endocrine systems collaborate to maintain homeostasis.

Page 30: Spatial Planes of the Body

• Planes: Introduced to understand body orientation.

  • Transverse, Coronal, Sagittal planes discussed.

Page 31: Anatomical Terminology

• Key Terms: Superior, inferior, lateral, medial references for body orientation.

Page 32: Body Systems

• Overview of how the body is divided into systems for study.

  • Examples: Circulatory, respiratory, digestive, musculoskeletal, nervous, endocrine, integumentary, immune, renal, and reproductive systems.

Page 33: Circulatory System

• Structure and function of the circulatory system.

  • Heart as the pump for blood circulation, forming a continuous circuit throughout the body.

Page 34: Respiratory System

• Function of the respiratory system in gas exchange.

  • Alveolar sacs' role in oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange with the blood.

Page 35: Overview of Vascular Structures

• Detailed exploration of blood vessel types: veins, arteries, and capillaries with specific anatomical features.

Page 37: Digestive System

• Function of the digestive system in nutrient breakdown and absorption.

  • Distinction between nutrients and waste removal processes.

Page 38: Nutritional and Energy Management

• Overview of how the body manages energy from various nutrients.

  • Processes like glycolysis, lipogenesis, and metabolite storage are highlighted.

Page 39: Anatomical Components of the Digestive System

• Visual representation of various organs involved in digestion and associated structures.

Page 40: Musculoskeletal Systems

• Description of muscle types and their roles in movement and energy consumption.

Page 41: Movement and Energy Functions

• Overview of how muscle activation leads to movement and energy expenditure via heat production.

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Page 43: Nervous Systems

• Role of nervous tissue in managing sensory and motor functions.

  • Complexity and energy requirements of the brain highlighted.

Page 44: Brain and Personality

• Exploration of how individual personality and memories are encoded in neural connections.

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Page 46: Endocrine System

• Overview: Hormonal signaling and systemic regulation of multiple bodily functions.

Page 47: The Pituitary Gland

• Identified as the master endocrine gland; critical in various hormonal regulations.

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Page 49: Integumentary and Exocrine Systems

• Functions of skin and exocrine glands in managing sensory input and barrier protection.

Page 50: Immune Systems

• Describes the immune system's role in distinguishing self from non-self.

  • Organization along vascular networks for effective response.

Page 51: Divisions of the Immune System

• Distinction between innate and adaptive immune responses and various cell types involved.

Page 52: Renal and Urinary Systems

• Kidney functions in waste removal, fluid filtration, and urine formation.

Page 53: Kidney Function Details

• Discussion of nephron structures and their role in urine production.

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Page 55: Reproductive Systems

• Role and significance of reproductive systems in human proliferation.

  • Mechanisms for cell division and genetic variation.

Page 56: Fertilization Overview

• Description of the fertilization process and the combination of genetic material from sperm and egg.