Bio 2
A mitochondrion is a part of the cell that makes energy. It turns food and oxygen into energy (ATP) through a process called cellular respiration. It has two layers: an outer layer and a folded inner layer, which helps make more energy. Mitochondria also have their own DNA, so they can make some of their own proteins. They are important for the cell to have enough energy to work properly.
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What are the main functions of cells in the body?
Cells take in nutrients and oxygen to produce energy, excrete waste, communicate with other cells, and support growth and repair processes.
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What are the two types of digestion?
Mechanical digestion involves the physical breakdown of food, while chemical digestion uses enzymes to break down food into smaller molecules.
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What happens in the mouth during digestion?
In the mouth, digestion begins:
1. Teeth break food into smaller pieces (mechanical digestion).
2. Saliva contains amylase, which starts breaking down starch (chemical digestion).
3. The tongue pushes food (bolus) into the esophagus for swallowing.
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What is the role of the stomach?
The stomach mechanically churns food and uses stomach acid and enzymes to chemically break down proteins, beginning the digestion of fats and turning proteins into amino acids.
The stomach breaks down food by:
1. Churning muscles in the stomach wall contract and relax in a wave-like motion to mix the food (mechanical digestion).
2. Releasing gastric acid to kill bacteria and break down proteins (chemical digestion).
3. Producing enzymes like pepsin to digest proteins.
4. Sending partially digested food (chyme) to the small intestine.
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What happens in the upper intestine?
digestion and nutrient absorption occur with the help of pancreatic enzymes and bile.
1. Enzymes break down food – Pancreatic enzymes and bile help digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
2. Nutrient absorption – The intestinal walls absorb nutrients into the bloodstream.
3. Transport to cells – Nutrients travel through the blood to be used for energy and growth.
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What happens in the small intestine?
Enzymes from the pancreas and bile continue breaking down food, and nutrients are absorbed into the blood through villi. 1. Enzymes continue digestion – Pancreatic enzymes and bile break down food further.
2. Nutrient absorption – Villi and microvilli absorb nutrients into the bloodstream.
3. Waste moves forward – Undigested food is pushed toward the large intestine.
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What is the function of the large intestine?
1. Water absorption – Removes water from waste to prevent dehydration.
2. Vitamin production – Gut bacteria produce vitamins like vitamin K.
3. Waste formation – Compacts undigested food into feces for elimination.
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What is the function of the gallbladder?
The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver, releasing it into the small intestine to aid in the digestion of fats.
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How do enzymes help in digestion?
Enzymes break down complex molecules into simpler ones, such as carbohydrates into glucose, proteins into amino acids, and fats into glycerol and fatty acids.
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What does bile do in digestion?
Bile emulsifies fats, breaking them down into smaller droplets for easier digestion.
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What is the function of the respiratory system?
The respiratory system brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide, which is essential for cellular respiration.
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How does gas exchange work in the lungs?
Oxygen diffuses from the air in the alveoli into the blood, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled.
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What role do red blood cells play in respiration?
Red blood cells transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body using hemoglobin.
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Haemoglobin
Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells. It carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and helps bring carbon dioxide back to the lungs to be exhaled.
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What is the function of the circulatory system?
The circulatory system transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.
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How is the heart structured?
The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles, with valves to prevent backflow of blood.
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What are the two circulatory loops?
Pulmonary circulation moves blood from the heart to the lungs, while systemic circulation supplies oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body.
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What are the three types of blood vessels and their functions?
Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart, veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart, and capillaries allow gas and nutrient exchange.
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What are the main components of blood?
Red blood cells transport oxygen, white blood cells fight infection, platelets help with clotting, and plasma transports nutrients and waste.
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How do white blood cells protect the body?
White blood cells detect and destroy pathogens like bacteria and viruses, helping to protect against infections.
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Excretion
Excretion is the process by which the body removes waste products. It involves the kidneys filtering blood to remove excess water, salts, and waste, which is then expelled as urine. The body also excretes waste through sweat and carbon dioxide when breathing.
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Kidneys
The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs that filter waste products from the blood, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, and produce urine. They also help maintain blood pressure and produce hormones that regulate red blood cell production and calcium levels.
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Skin
The skin is the body’s largest organ. It protects internal organs, helps regulate body temperature through sweating and blood flow, and acts as a barrier against harmful microorganisms. It also allows for the sense of touch and produces vitamin D when exposed to sunlight.
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Sweat
Sweat is a fluid produced by sweat glands in the skin. It helps regulate body temperature by cooling the body as it evaporates from the skin’s surface. Sweat also contains waste products like salts and urea, which are excreted through the skin
Heart Anatomy – Flashcards
(Front = Question, Back = Answer)
What are the four chambers of the heart?
• Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.
What does the right atrium do?
• Receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the vena cava.
What does the right ventricle do?
• Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery.
What does the left atrium do?
• Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins.
What does the left ventricle do?
• Pumps oxygenated blood to the entire body through the aorta.
What separates the left and right sides of the heart?
• The septum.
What are valves and what is their function?
• Valves are structures that prevent blood from flowing backward.
Examples: tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, mitral (bicuspid) valve, aortic valve.
Name the major blood vessels connected to the heart.
• Vena cava (into right atrium), pulmonary artery (out of right ventricle), pulmonary veins (into left atrium), aorta (out of left ventricle).
Which side of the heart is thicker and why?
• The left side is thicker because it pumps blood to the whole body, which needs more force