Notes for APPLIED ELECTRICAL I

Page 1: Title Page

• Applied Electricals I

• Zambian Industrial Training Academy

• Reference book for Diploma in Heavy Equipment Engineering

Page 2: Table of Contents

Section I: Fundamentals

1. Voltage, Current, & Units (1)

2. Ohm’s Law (17)

3. Electric Circuits (31)

4. Circuit Faults (47)

5. AC/DC (63)

Section II: Electrical Circuits

6. Magnetism, Solenoids, & Relays (75)

7. DC Motors & Principles (91)

8. Batteries (104)

9. Induction & Alternators (122)

Section III: Electronic Circuits

10. Diodes & Rectification (138)

11. Diode Application Circuits (156)

12. Capacitance (168)

13. Transistors and Integrated Circuits (179)

14. Sensors (190)

Page 3: Chapter Structure - Section I: Fundamentals

Chapter 1: Voltage, Current, and Units

• Subchapters include how electricity flows, conductors and insulators, multimeters, potential, current, protective devices, exercises, and homework.

Chapter 2: Ohm’s Law

• Subchapters include switches, resistances, factors affecting resistance, and exercises/homework.

Page 4: Chapter 3-4 Details

Chapter 3: Electrical Circuits

• Covers Kirchhoff’s Laws, types of circuits, and exercises.

• Discusses series and parallel circuits, resistance calculations, and troubleshooting.

Chapter 4: Circuit Faults

• Discusses open and short circuits, high resistance faults, and diagnostic strategies.

Page 6-34: Chapter 1 In-depth

1.1 How Does Electricity Flow?

• Electricity vs. Water Flow: Electricity flow is analogous to water flow in height-differential tanks.

1.2 Conductors and Insulators

• Conductors: Materials like copper allow the flow; Insulators prevent flow.

1.3 Multimeter

• Tool for measuring voltage, current, resistance, and continuity.

1.4 Potential

• Measured voltage is the potential difference between two points. Measured in volts.

1.5 Current

• Flow from positive to negative; measured in amperes.

1.6 Protective Devices

• Devices protect circuits from excessive current: fuses, fusible links, and circuit breakers.

1.7 Exercises

• Conductors vs. Insulators exercises using multimeters.

Page 36-49: Chapter 3 & Fault Chapters

Chapter 3: Kirchhoff’s Laws

1. Current Law: Sum of currents entering a node = 0.

2. Voltage Law: Sum of voltages around a loop = 0.

Chapter 4: Circuit Faults

• Open Circuit Faults: Causes include disconnected connectors, poor contacts, or broken wires.

Page 68: AC/DC Concepts

5.1 Types of Electricity

• Static vs. Dynamic electricity: Dynamic can be AC or DC.

5.2 Alternating Current

• Characteristics and behaviors of AC and its applications.

Page 104: Batteries

8.1 Battery Functions

• Provides power for starting engine, lights, and stabilizes voltage.

8.2 Battery Types

• Various types like primary cells, secondary cells, wet-charged and dry-charged batteries.

Page 138-157: Diodes & Rectification

10.1 Semiconductors

• Elements that can conduct electricity under specific conditions.

10.3 Diodes as Rectifiers

• Functions including converting AC to DC and clamping voltage spikes.

Page 168: Capacitors

• Capacitors store and release electrical charge; key in timers and power filtering.

Page 178: Transistors

13.1 Transistors as Switches

• Types: PNP and NPN; used in circuits to control current flow.

Page 190: Sensors

14.1 Sensor Functions

• Convert physical conditions into electrical signals for computer interfacing.