KINSHIP BY BLOOD

SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

• standardized patterns of behavior, norms, and subsystems that support a society’s survival.

Contemporary philosopher ROM HARRE (1979)

• “As an interlocking double-structure of persons-as-role-holders or office-bearers and the like, and social practices involving both expressive and practical aims and outcomes.”

Social Institutions have fundamental functions. These are as follows:

1. Satisfy the basic needs of societies

2. Define social values

3. Establish permanent patterns of behavior;

4. Support other institutions; and

5. Provide roles for each individual.

FAMILY AS A SOCIAL INSTITUTION

• FAMILY is the basic unit of society.

• It serves as the cornerstone for individuals to function daily and is a locus of their social activities.

KINSHIP

• Refers to the web of social relationships that connect individuals through blood, marriage, or other social bonds.

Family

• It is the basic unit of society.

• It is a group of people related by consanguinity that maintains a close relationship with each other (Kingsley Davis).

Types of Families

• Family of Orientation

  • a family in which a person is born and grows up with, usually as a child of two parents

• Family of Procreation

  • a family that is formed through marriage, adoption, and other legal processes

Practices in Tracing Family Lineage

• Unilineal System

  • exclusive identification to only one of the parent’s lineage

• Bilateral System

  • people consider both the mother’s and father’s sides as their relatives

• Patrilineal

  • a descent system that involves tracing lineage through the father’s side of the family.

• Matrilineal

  • a descent system that involves tracing lineage through the mother’s side of the family.

• Ambilineal Descent

  • This type allows individuals to trace their ancestry through either the father’s or the mother’s line, depending on the situation. This is common in some Southeast Asian culture.

KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE

Societies’ Rules for Marriage

• Endogamy

  • It refers to the selection of a marriage partner within one’s social group

• Exogamy

  • It refers to the selection of a marriage partner from a different social group.

• Polygamy

  • It is a practice of marrying more than one partner.

    • polygyny

    • polyandry

• Monogamy

  • It is a practice of having only one partner for a lifetime.

• Patrilocal

  • The couple’s place of residence is near the groom’s ancestral home.

• Matrilocal

  • The couple’s house is near the bride’s ancestral home.

• Ambilocal

  • A practice where the couple has the freedom to choose where to live.

• Neolocal

  • The couple’s place of residence does not consider the distance to their relatives of both parties.

KINSHIP BY RITUAL

Fictive Kinship

Kinship ties are formed through the following rituals:

• baptism

• weddings

• religious confirmation

Relationships Created by Co-Parenthood

• the bond between the parents and godparents

• the relationship between the child or couple to the godparents

Compadrazgo system originated in the medieval Catholic church in Europe.

• The compadrazgo system originated in Europe. This system is also the best example of how fictive kinship works. Unsurprisingly, we adapted this system when the Spaniards came to our country because they introduced us to Catholicism. It is also where the word compadre comes from, which some use to address a close friend or companion. It also creates a strong connection between people, and sometimes this system can also be seen or encountered in the place of work where close friends or compadres are given special treatment.

FAMILY AND THE HOUSEHOLD

Household

A household refers to a group of people sharing a common house.

• Nuclear family

  • The parents and the children occupy a single house.

• Extended family

  • It includes other relatives in the house (e.g., aunts, uncles, grandparents, cousins).

Cohabitation

• It is the practice of sharing a household with unmarried couples.

Types of Families in the Contemporary World

• Transnational

  • a family where one or more of its members live in different nations

• Single-parent

  • a family where only one parent is responsible for his or her children’s welfare

• Reconstituted

  • a family where at least one of the parents has children from a previous relationship

Annulment VS Divorce

• Legal Separation

  • It allows the couple to stay in different households, but their marriage status is still considered valid.

• Annulment

  • It nullifies or voids the marriage. An annulled marriage could be void from the beginning (void ab initio) or valid until annulled.

• Divorce

  • It is the absolute termination of marriage, which means that the marriage was valid, but the couple decided to formally separate.

Grounds for Annulment and Legal Separation

• The grounds for annulment include psychological incapacity (Article 36 of the Family Code), fraud, consent obtained under duress or by force (Article 45), and physical incapacity to consummate the marriage (Article 45).

• Legal separation can be sought for reasons such as repeated physical abuse, drug addiction, sexual infidelity, and abandonment (Article 55 of the Family Code).

Effects of Divorce

• The introduction of divorce in the Philippines could have significant legal, social, and economic effects.

• Legally, it would require adjustments to family law, including provisions related to child custody, property division, and spousal support.

• Socially, it could challenge traditional views on marriage and family.

• Economically, it might impact the financial arrangements between spouses, especially concerning alimony and child support

POLITICS OF KINSHIP

Politics among Family Members

• patriarchal

  • the father plays a dominant role in decision-making and managing the family

• matriarchal

  • the mother plays a dominant role in decision-making and managing the family

• egalitarian

  • both the mother and the father are involved in decision-making and managing the family

Two Types of Political Dynasty

• Vertical political dynasties

  • Politicians from the same family hold different positions in the government at the same time

• Horizontal political dynasties

  • The members of the same family hold the same position over time.

Nepotism

• It is the act of giving favor to family members, especially by giving them jobs.

Cooperation among Families

• Alliances are made between families to further protect their wealth and power.

• Creating alliances is a more common way of forming kinship ties than tracing descent (Claude Levi-Strauss).

Incest

• It refers to the practice of marrying a member of the same family.