04 2025S 490 Genomes _ Genetics_1-62
Page 4: Outline of Viral Genomes
Topics Covered:
Genome principles and the Baltimore system
Structure/complexity of viral genomes
Characteristics of viral sequences
Coding strategies in viruses
Implications of genome size
Origin and genetic analysis of viruses
Page 5: Viral Terminology
Strands:
Positive (+) and negative (-) strands defined.
mRNA as the positive strand; complementary strand is negative (-).
Ambisense RNA contains both (+) and (-) sequences.
Page 6: Viral Genome Complexity
Types of Viral Genomes:
DNA or RNA, circular, linear, segmented, gapped, etc.
Page 7: Encoded Information in Viral Genomes
Gene products:
Required for genome replication, expression, assembly, host defense modulation, and spread.
Page 8: Non-Encoded Information
Missing Gene Information:
Complete protein synthesis machinery, membrane biosynthesis proteins, telomeres, and centromeres generally absent.
Page 9: Ribosomal Protein Genes in Viruses
Eukaryotic virus example:
Some eukaryotic viruses encode ribosomal proteins, while many viral genomes lack coding for complete synthesis machinery.
Page 10: Viral Genome Principles
Main Principles:
Viral genome as a repository for replication and transmission information.
All must produce mRNAs for host ribosome use.
Seven major types of viral genomes show evolutionary unity in genetic diversity.
Page 11-12: The Baltimore System
Integration of Principles:
Deduce mRNA production steps based on genome nature.
Universal function: serves as a template for progeny genome synthesis excluded.
Page 13: DNA vs. RNA Viruses
Challenges:
DNA viruses use existing cellular mechanisms; RNA viruses require their replication mechanisms encoded in their RNA.
Page 14-15: Structure of DNA Genomes
General Characteristics:
Diverse structures (linear, circular, etc.) dictate different replication mechanisms.
Page 16: Course Continuation
Date: 02/27/2025
Page 17-19: Viruses in the News
Measles:
High pre-vaccination death rates, vaccination statistics needed to prevent outbreaks.
Public Concerns:
Controversy around misinformation, vaccination advocacy.
Page 20-24: Structure of DNA Genomes (Continued)
Gapped and ssDNA:
Importance of completing gapped DNA before mRNA synthesis.
ssDNA genome replication and mRNA production mechanisms covered.
Page 25-27: RNA Genome Structures
RNA Virus Enzymes:
Encode necessary RNA-dependent RNA polymerases.
Page 28: Seminar Information
Upcoming Talk:
"Zoonotic Disease in Hawaiʻi and the Pacific" by Dr. Michael Norris.
Page 29-30: Pandemic Research Concerns
Safety Protocols:
High safety standards for research on potentially dangerous viruses necessary.
Page 31-34: ss(-) RNA Genomes
Translation Challenges:
Require viral RdRP to produce (+) strand mRNA for translation.
Page 35-36: Viral Genome Structures
Viral Assembly:
Naked or encapsidated structures, engaging in complex folded shapes.
Page 37-39: Coding Strategies
Complex Tactics:
Utilize multiple strategies to maximize protein production from genomes.
Page 40-62: Current Events and Gene Analysis
Measles Outbreaks:
Responses observed include medical advice against misinformation.
Genetic Analysis Methodologies:
Evolutionary insights gained from analyzing viral genetic diversity.