Natural vegetation refers to a plant community which has grown naturally without human aid and has been left undisturbed by humans for a long time. This is termed virgin vegetation.

The term flora is used to denote plants of a particular region or period. The species of animals are referred to as fauna. This huge diversity in the flora and fauna kingdom is due to the following factors:

1) Relief

Land

Land affects natural vegetation directly and indirectly.

• The fertile level is generally devoted to agriculture.

• The undulating and rough terrains are areas where grassland and woodlands develop and give shelter to a variety of wildlife.

Soil

Different types of soils provide a basis for different types of vegetation.

• The sandy soils of the desert support cactus and thorny bushes, while wet, marshy, deltaic soils support mangroves and deltaic vegetation.

• The soil at the hill slopes has conical trees.

2) Climate

Temperature

The character and extent of vegetation are mainly determined by temperature along with humidity in the air, precipitation and soil. The fall in the temperature affects the vegetation and its growth.

Photoperiod (Sunlight)

The variation in the duration of sunlight at different places is due to differences in latitude, altitude, season and duration of the day. Due to the longer duration of sunlight, trees grow faster in summer.

Precipitation

Areas of heavy rainfall have more dense vegetation as compared to areas of less rainfall.

Types of Vegetation

In India, the following major types of vegetation are found:

1. Tropical Evergreen Forests

2. Tropical Deciduous Forests

3. Tropical Thorn Forests and Scrubs

4. Montane Forests

5. Mangrove Forests

Let’s study them in detail.

Tropical Evergreen Forests

These forests are present in the Western Ghats and the island groups of Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar, upper parts of Assam and Tamil Nadu coast.

1. These forests grow best in areas having rainfall of more than 200 cm with a short dry season.

2. The trees reach great heights, up to 60 metres or even above.

3. It has vegetation of all kinds, i.e., trees, shrubs and creepers, giving it a multilayered structure.

4. These forests appear green all the year-round.

5. Important trees of this forest are ebony, mahogany, rosewood, rubber and cinchona.

6. Common animals found in these forests are elephants, monkeys, lemurs and deer.

Tropical Deciduous Forests

These forests are also called monsoon forests.

1. They are spread over the region, having rainfall between 200 cm and 70 cm.

2. They shed their leaves about 6 to 8 weeks in the dry summer.

3. In these forests, the common animals found are lions, tigers, pigs, deer and elephants.

These forests are further divided into:

• Moist deciduous: These are found in areas having rainfall between 200 and 100 cm. Teak is the most dominant species of this forest. Bamboos, sal, shisham, sandalwood, khair, Kusum, Arjun and mulberry are other commercially important species.

• Dry deciduous: These are found in areas having rainfall between 100 cm and 70 cm. There are open stretches in which teak, sal, peepal and neem grow.

The Thorn Forests and Scrubs

The natural vegetation consists of thorny trees and bushes. This type of vegetation is found in the north-western part of the country, including semi-arid areas of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana.

1. Trees are scattered and have long roots penetrating deep into the soil to get moisture.

2. The stems are moist to conserve water.

3. Leaves are mostly thick and small to minimise evaporation.

4. Acacias, palms, euphorbias and cacti are the main plant species.

5. Common animals are rats, mice, rabbits, foxes, wolves, tigers, lions, wild donkeys, horses and camels.

Montane Forests

Montane forests are forests which are found in the mountains.

1. The wet temperate type of forests is found between a height of 1000 and 2000 metres.

2. At high altitudes, generally more than 3,600 metres above sea level, temperate forests and grasslands give way to the Alpine vegetation.

3. Alpine grasslands are used for grazing.

4. At higher altitudes, mosses and lichens form part of tundra vegetation.

5. The common animals found are Kashmir stag, spotted deer, wild sheep, jackrabbit, Tibetan antelope, yak, snow leopard, squirrels, shaggy horn wild ibex, bear and rare red panda, sheep and goats.

Mangrove Forests

Mangroves are trees that live along tropical coastlines, rooted in salty sediments, often underwater.

1. The mangrove tidal forests are found in the areas of coasts influenced by tides. Mud and silt get to accumulate on such coasts.

2. Dense mangroves are the common varieties with roots of the plants submerged underwater.

3. Sundari trees are found in the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta and provide hard timber.

4. The Royal Bengal Tiger is a famous animal in these forests.

Wildlife

India is rich in its fauna.

1. Elephants are found in the hot wet forests of Assam, Karnataka and Kerala.

2. One-horned rhinoceroses are found in Assam and West Bengal.

3. Rann of Kachchh is the habitat for wild donkeys, whereas the Thar Desert is the habitat for camels.

4. The natural habitat of the Indian lion is the Gir forest in Gujarat.

5. Tigers are found in the forests of Madhya Pradesh, the Sundarbans of West Bengal and the Himalayan region.

6. Ladakh’s freezing high altitudes are home to yak, the shaggy horned wild ox, the Tibetan antelope, the bharal (blue sheep), wild sheep, and the kiang (Tibetan wild donkey).

7. In the rivers, lakes and coastal areas, turtles, crocodiles and gharials are found.

8. Peacocks, pheasants, ducks, parakeets, cranes and pigeons are some of the birds inhabiting the forests and wetlands of the country.

Cause of Major Threat to Flora and Fauna

Every species has an important role in the ecosystem. Hence, conservation of flora and fauna is essential. About 1,300 plant species are endangered and 20 species are extinct. The main causes of this major threat to nature are:

1. Hunting for commercial purposes

2. Pollution due to chemical and industrial waste

3. Rapidly cutting of the forests for cultivation and habitation

Government Initiative to Protect Flora and Fauna

The government has taken many steps to protect the flora and fauna of our country.

1. 18 biosphere reserves have been set up in India to protect flora and fauna. 10 out of these have been included in the world network of biosphere reserves.

2. Financial and technical assistance has been provided to many botanical gardens by the government since 1992.

3. Project Tiger, Project Rhino, Project Great Indian Bustard and many other eco-developmental projects have been introduced by the government.

4. 103 National Parks, 535 Wildlife Sanctuaries and Zoological gardens are set up to take care of natural heritage.

Natural vegetation refers to a plant community which has grown naturally without human aid and has been left undisturbed by humans for a long time. This is termed virgin vegetation.

The term flora is used to denote plants of a particular region or period. The species of animals are referred to as fauna. This huge diversity in the flora and fauna kingdom is due to the following factors:

1) Relief

Land

Land affects natural vegetation directly and indirectly.

• The fertile level is generally devoted to agriculture.

• The undulating and rough terrains are areas where grassland and woodlands develop and give shelter to a variety of wildlife.

Soil

Different types of soils provide a basis for different types of vegetation.

• The sandy soils of the desert support cactus and thorny bushes, while wet, marshy, deltaic soils support mangroves and deltaic vegetation.

• The soil at the hill slopes has conical trees.

2) Climate

Temperature

The character and extent of vegetation are mainly determined by temperature along with humidity in the air, precipitation and soil. The fall in the temperature affects the vegetation and its growth.

Photoperiod (Sunlight)

The variation in the duration of sunlight at different places is due to differences in latitude, altitude, season and duration of the day. Due to the longer duration of sunlight, trees grow faster in summer.

Precipitation

Areas of heavy rainfall have more dense vegetation as compared to areas of less rainfall.

Types of Vegetation

In India, the following major types of vegetation are found:

1. Tropical Evergreen Forests

2. Tropical Deciduous Forests

3. Tropical Thorn Forests and Scrubs

4. Montane Forests

5. Mangrove Forests

Let’s study them in detail.

Tropical Evergreen Forests

These forests are present in the Western Ghats and the island groups of Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar, upper parts of Assam and Tamil Nadu coast.

1. These forests grow best in areas having rainfall of more than 200 cm with a short dry season.

2. The trees reach great heights, up to 60 metres or even above.

3. It has vegetation of all kinds, i.e., trees, shrubs and creepers, giving it a multilayered structure.

4. These forests appear green all the year-round.

5. Important trees of this forest are ebony, mahogany, rosewood, rubber and cinchona.

6. Common animals found in these forests are elephants, monkeys, lemurs and deer.

Tropical Deciduous Forests

These forests are also called monsoon forests.

1. They are spread over the region, having rainfall between 200 cm and 70 cm.

2. They shed their leaves about 6 to 8 weeks in the dry summer.

3. In these forests, the common animals found are lions, tigers, pigs, deer and elephants.

These forests are further divided into:

• Moist deciduous: These are found in areas having rainfall between 200 and 100 cm. Teak is the most dominant species of this forest. Bamboos, sal, shisham, sandalwood, khair, kusum, arjun and mulberry are other commercially important species.

• Dry deciduous: These are found in areas having rainfall between 100 cm and 70 cm. There are open stretches in which teak, sal, peepal and neem grow.

The Thorn Forests and Scrubs

The natural vegetation consists of thorny trees and bushes. This type of vegetation is found in the north-western part of the country, including semi-arid areas of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana.

1. Trees are scattered and have long roots penetrating deep into the soil to get moisture.

2. The stems are moist to conserve water.

3. Leaves are mostly thick and small to minimise evaporation.

4. Acacias, palms, euphorbias and cacti are the main plant species.

5. Common animals are rats, mice, rabbits, foxes, wolves, tigers, lions, wild donkeys, horses and camels.

Montane Forests

Montane forests are forests which are found in the mountains.

1. The wet temperate type of forests is found between a height of 1000 and 2000 metres.

2. At high altitudes, generally more than 3,600 metres above sea level, temperate forests and grasslands give way to the Alpine vegetation.

3. Alpine grasslands are used for grazing.

4. At higher altitudes, mosses and lichens form part of tundra vegetation.

5. The common animals found are Kashmir stag, spotted deer, wild sheep, jackrabbit, Tibetan antelope, yak, snow leopard, squirrels, shaggy horn wild ibex, bear and rare red panda, sheep and goats.

Mangrove Forests

Mangroves are trees that live along tropical coastlines, rooted in salty sediments, often underwater.

1. The mangrove tidal forests are found in the areas of coasts influenced by tides. Mud and silt get accumulate on such coasts.

2. Dense mangroves are the common varieties with roots of the plants submerged underwater.

3. Sundari trees are found in the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta and provide hard timber.

4. Royal Bengal Tiger is a famous animal in these forests.

Wildlife

India is rich in its fauna.

1. Elephants are found in the hot wet forests of Assam, Karnataka and Kerala.

2. One-horned rhinoceroses are found in Assam and West Bengal.

3. Rann of Kachchh is the habitat for wild donkeys, whereas the Thar Desert is the habitat for camels.

4. The natural habitat of the Indian lion is the Gir forest in Gujarat.

5. Tigers are found in the forests of Madhya Pradesh, the Sundarbans of West Bengal and the Himalayan region.

6. Ladakh’s freezing high altitudes are home to yak, the shaggy horned wild ox, the Tibetan antelope, the bharal (blue sheep), wild sheep, and the kiang (Tibetan wild donkey).

7. In the rivers, lakes and coastal areas, turtles, crocodiles and gharials are found.

8. Peacocks, pheasants, ducks, parakeets, cranes and pigeons are some of the birds inhabiting the forests and wetlands of the country.

Cause of Major Threat to Flora and Fauna

Every species has an important role in the ecosystem. Hence, conservation of flora and fauna is essential. About 1,300 plant species are endangered and 20 species are extinct. The main causes of this major threat to nature are:

1. Hunting for commercial purposes

2. Pollution due to chemical and industrial waste

3. Rapidly cutting of the forests for cultivation and habitation

Government Initiative to Protect Flora and Fauna

The government has taken many steps to protect the flora and fauna of our country.

1. 18 biosphere reserves have been set up in India to protect flora and fauna. 10 out of these have been included in the world network of biosphere reserves.

2. Financial and technical assistance has been provided to many botanical gardens by the government since 1992.

3. Project Tiger, Project Rhino, Project Great Indian Bustard and many other eco-developmental projects have been introduced by the government.

4. 103 National Parks, 535 Wildlife Sanctuaries and Zoological gardens are set up to take care of natural heritage.

   Natural vegetation refers to a plant community which has grown naturally without human aid and has been left undisturbed by humans for a long time. This is termed virgin vegetation.

   The term flora is used to denote plants of a particular region or period. The species of animals are referred to as fauna. This huge diversity in the flora and fauna kingdom is due to the following factors:

   1) Relief

   Land

   Land affects natural vegetation directly and indirectly.

   • The fertile level is generally devoted to agriculture.

   • The undulating and rough terrains are areas where grassland and woodlands develop and give shelter to a variety of wildlife.

   Soil

   Different types of soils provide a basis for different types of vegetation.

   • The sandy soils of the desert support cactus and thorny bushes, while wet, marshy, deltaic soils support mangroves and deltaic vegetation.

   • The soil at the hill slopes has conical trees.

   2) Climate

   Temperature

   The character and extent of vegetation are mainly determined by temperature along with humidity in the air, precipitation and soil. The fall in the temperature affects the vegetation and its growth.

   Photoperiod (Sunlight)

   The variation in the duration of sunlight at different places is due to differences in latitude, altitude, season and duration of the day. Due to the longer duration of sunlight, trees grow faster in summer.

   Precipitation

   Areas of heavy rainfall have more dense vegetation as compared to areas of less rainfall.

   Types of Vegetation

   In India, the following major types of vegetation are found:

   1. Tropical Evergreen Forests

   2. Tropical Deciduous Forests

   3. Tropical Thorn Forests and Scrubs

   4. Montane Forests

   5. Mangrove Forests

   Let’s study them in detail.

   Tropical Evergreen Forests

   These forests are present in the Western Ghats and the island groups of Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar, upper parts of Assam and Tamil Nadu coast.

   1. These forests grow best in areas having rainfall of more than 200 cm with a short dry season.

   2. The trees reach great heights, up to 60 metres or even above.

   3. It has vegetation of all kinds, i.e., trees, shrubs and creepers, giving it a multilayered structure.

   4. These forests appear green all the year-round.

   5. Important trees of this forest are ebony, mahogany, rosewood, rubber and cinchona.

   6. Common animals found in these forests are elephants, monkeys, lemurs and deer.

   Tropical Deciduous Forests

   These forests are also called monsoon forests.

   1. They are spread over the region, having rainfall between 200 cm and 70 cm.

   2. They shed their leaves about 6 to 8 weeks in the dry summer.

   3. In these forests, the common animals found are lions, tigers, pigs, deer and elephants.

   These forests are further divided into:

   • Moist deciduous: These are found in areas having rainfall between 200 and 100 cm. Teak is the most dominant species of this forest. Bamboos, sal, shisham, sandalwood, khair, kusum, arjun and mulberry are other commercially important species.

   • Dry deciduous: These are found in areas having rainfall between 100 cm and 70 cm. There are open stretches in which teak, sal, peepal and neem grow.

   The Thorn Forests and Scrubs

   The natural vegetation consists of thorny trees and bushes. This type of vegetation is found in the north-western part of the country, including semi-arid areas of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana.

   1. Trees are scattered and have long roots penetrating deep into the soil to get moisture.

   2. The stems are moist to conserve water.

   3. Leaves are mostly thick and small to minimise evaporation.

   4. Acacias, palms, euphorbias and cacti are the main plant species.

   5. Common animals are rats, mice, rabbits, foxes, wolves, tigers, lions, wild donkeys, horses and camels.

   Montane Forests

   Montane forests are forests which are found in the mountains.

   1. The wet temperate type of forests is found between a height of 1000 and 2000 metres.

   2. At high altitudes, generally more than 3,600 metres above sea level, temperate forests and grasslands give way to the Alpine vegetation.

   3. Alpine grasslands are used for grazing.

   4. At higher altitudes, mosses and lichens form part of tundra vegetation.

   5. The common animals found are Kashmir stag, spotted deer, wild sheep, jackrabbit, Tibetan antelope, yak, snow leopard, squirrels, shaggy horn wild ibex, bear and rare red panda, sheep and goats.

   Mangrove Forests

   Mangroves are trees that live along tropical coastlines, rooted in salty sediments, often underwater.

   1. The mangrove tidal forests are found in the areas of coasts influenced by tides. Mud and silt get accumulate on such coasts.

   2. Dense mangroves are the common varieties with roots of the plants submerged underwater.

   3. Sundari trees are found in the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta and provide hard timber.

   4. Royal Bengal Tiger is a famous animal in these forests.

   Wildlife

   India is rich in its fauna.

   1. Elephants are found in the hot wet forests of Assam, Karnataka and Kerala.

   2. One-horned rhinoceroses are found in Assam and West Bengal.

   3. Rann of Kachchh is the habitat for wild donkeys, whereas the Thar Desert is the habitat for camels.

   4. The natural habitat of the Indian lion is the Gir forest in Gujarat.

   5. Tigers are found in the forests of Madhya Pradesh, the Sundarbans of West Bengal and the Himalayan region.

   6. Ladakh’s freezing high altitudes are home to yak, the shaggy horned wild ox, the Tibetan antelope, the bharal (blue sheep), wild sheep, and the kiang (Tibetan wild donkey).

   7. In the rivers, lakes and coastal areas, turtles, crocodiles and gharials are found.

   8. Peacocks, pheasants, ducks, parakeets, cranes and pigeons are some of the birds inhabiting the forests and wetlands of the country.

   Cause of Major Threat to Flora and Fauna

   Every species has an important role in the ecosystem. Hence, conservation of flora and fauna is essential. About 1,300 plant species are endangered and 20 species are extinct. The main causes of this major threat to nature are:

   1. Hunting for commercial purposes

   2. Pollution due to chemical and industrial waste

   3. Rapidly cutting of the forests for cultivation and habitation

   Government Initiative to Protect Flora and Fauna

   The government has taken many steps to protect the flora and fauna of our country.

   1. 18 biosphere reserves have been set up in India to protect flora and fauna. 10 out of these have been included in the world network of biosphere reserves.

   2. Financial and technical assistance has been provided to many botanical gardens by the government since 1992.

   3. Project Tiger, Project Rhino, Project Great Indian Bustard and many other eco-developmental projects have been introduced by the government.

   4. 103 National Parks, 535 Wildlife Sanctuaries and Zoological gardens are set up to take care of natural heritage.

      Summary: Natural vegetation refers to plant communities that have grown naturally without human intervention and have been left undisturbed for a long time. Factors such as relief, climate, and soil type influence the type of vegetation found in an area. In India, major types of vegetation include tropical evergreen forests, tropical deciduous forests, tropical thorn forests and scrubs, montane forests, and mangrove forests. Each type of vegetation has its own unique characteristics and supports a diverse range of flora and fauna. However, the flora and fauna are facing major threats due to hunting, pollution, and deforestation. The government has implemented various initiatives to protect and conserve the flora and fauna, including the establishment of biosphere reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and the implementation of projects like Project Tiger and Project Rhino.