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What were the causes and immediate outcomes of

the 1789 Revolution?

Content

• The Ancien Régime: problems and policies of

Louis XVI and Jacques Necker

• Pressures for change (social, economic and

political including the Enlightenment)

• The reaction of Louis XVI to attempts at reform

• Responses to Louis XVI’s actions, e.g.

Storming of the Bastille, March of the Women,

Declaration of the Rights of Man, The August

Decrees

Why were French governments unstable from 1790

to 1795?

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• Revolutionary and counter-revolutionary

groups: their views and aims

• Changes in government from 1790 to 1795

• Economic problems

• Foreign threats and the impact of war on

France

Why was Napoleon Bonaparte able to overthrow

the Directory in 1799?

• The aims and rule of the Directory

• The reputation of, and opposition to, the

Directory

• The military reputation and political ambitions of

Napoleon Bonaparte

• The coup of 1799

What were Napoleon Bonaparte’s domestic aims

and achievements from 1799 to 1814?

• Napoleon’s initiatives as first consul

• The inauguration of the Empire

• Nature and impact of reforms (legal,

educational, social and financial)

• Napoleon’s use of propaganda and other

means of control

The Industrial Revolution in Britain, 1750–1850

Key questions

What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?

Content

• The agricultural revolution

• Development of capitalism: investment, trade

and commerce, the slave trade

• Early mechanisation: steam engines and

spinning machines

• Early developments in transport: canals and

roads

Why was there a rapid growth of industrialisation

after 1780?

• Development of the factory system: steam

power and machines

• Developments in transport: canals, railways and

steam ships

• Raw materials, e.g. iron and coal

• Growth of markets (domestic and international)

and growth of free trade

Why, and with what consequences, did

urbanisation result from industrialisation?

• Growth of towns and impact on living

conditions, e.g. housing and health

• Working conditions, e.g. child labour, hours,

pay and safety

• Impacts on different social classes

• Government responses to the consequences of

industrialisation: early moves towards regulation

and control of working and living conditions

Why, and with what consequences, did

industrialisation result in popular protest and

political change?

• Reactions to mechanisation and economic

change, e.g. Luddites and Captain Swing riots

• Demands for political reform including Chartists

• Origins of organised labour, e.g. trade unions

and cooperative societies

• Government reaction to demands for change

Liberalism and nationalism in Germany, 1815–71

Key questions

What were the causes of the Revolutions in

1848–49?

Content

• The impact of Metternich’s System on the

States of Germany

• The influence of liberal ideas and the

emergence of a middle class

• Growth of nationalist ideas

• The impact of the Zollverein

• Social and economic problems in the 1840s

What were the consequences of the 1848–49

Revolutions?

• Initial responses of the German States to the

1848–49 Revolutions

• The collapse of the Frankfurt Parliament

• Reassertion of Austrian power: the perceived

‘humiliation of Olmütz’

• Economic developments after 1849: the growth

of industrialisation and the Zollverein

What were Bismarck’s intentions for Prussia and

Germany from 1862 to 1866?

• Reasons for Bismarck’s appointment as

Minister President: his attitudes towards

Liberalism and Nationalism

• Bismarck’s impact on Prussian politics:

relations with William I and the Landtag

• Relations with, and policies towards, Austria:

war with Denmark (1864), Austria (1866)

• Outcomes of the Austro–Prussian War: Treaty

of Prague and the North German Confederation

How and why was the unification of Germany

achieved by 1871?

• Bismarck’s diplomacy towards France

• The Hohenzollern candidature and the outbreak

of war

• Reasons for the Prussian victory in the

Franco–Prussian War (1870–71)

• Creation of the German Empire (1871)