Untitled Flashcards Set

THERMASHIELD: AN EXTERNAL INSULATION SYSTEM FOR ENHANCING THERMAL COMFORT AND ENERGY 

EFFICIENCY IN TROPICAL HOMES

 A Research Paper Presented

 to the Faculty of the Senior High School Department

 NTC-APEC Schools Bacoor

In partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

in Research in Daily Life 2

STEM

Submitted by:
Grade 12 STEM 3

Group 1 Pink Output

AUDREY FAYE AMONSOT

EMMAN DWAYNE VALIAO
JAMES ANGELO R. ADAZA
KAYE CHARMEL ATIENZA
PRINCE ADRIEL HIPOLITO

March 2025

APPROVAL SHEET

 PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Oral examiners of the thesis entitled “Thermashield: An External Insulation System For Enhancing Thermal Comfort and Energy Efficiency in Tropical Homes” and authored by Audrey Faye Amonsot, Emman Dwayne Valiao, James Angelo Adaza, Kaye Charmel Atienza and Prince Adriel Hipolito were attended by the panel of examiners this 14th of March 2025.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers extend their deepest gratitude to Ms. Larrielyn Hadji Saad, our Learning Facilitator in Research in Daily Life 2, for her exceptional guidance, patience, and encouragement throughout this study. Her expertise, dedication, and constructive feedback have been instrumental in shaping the direction of this research. Her unwavering support motivated the researchers to strive for excellence and persevere through challenges.

The researchers also wish to acknowledge the valuable contributions of their other panelists: Ms. Larrielyn Hadji Saad, Ms. Kimberly Bertolano, Ms. Cloie Marie Fudan, and Sir Peter Neil James Garro. Their insightful comments, suggestions, and evaluations greatly refined the study, ensuring its quality and relevance. The time and effort they devoted to reviewing the work and offering constructive criticism were deeply appreciated.

Special thanks are extended to the respondents of this study. Their honest and thoughtful participation was crucial in gathering meaningful data and achieving the objectives of this research. Their cooperation and willingness to share their experiences made this study successful.

The researchers acknowledge the significance of their mentors and educators, who provided foundational knowledge and guided them toward critical thinking and intellectual growth. Their influence and teachings remain a source of inspiration for the researchers in pursuing future endeavors.

Above all, the researchers offer their sincerest gratitude to God for the wisdom, strength, and perseverance to complete this study. They believe that this accomplishment would not have been possible without His divine guidance and blessings.

DEDICATION

This research paper is dedicated to those who strive to create sustainable solutions for a better tomorrow. Your commitment to innovation and environmental consciousness is a source of inspiration, and we hope this work sparks further exploration into eco-friendly building practices.

We dedicate this study to our families, whose unwavering love and support have been our cornerstone. Their sacrifices and belief in our endeavors gave us the strength to pursue this project with passion and perseverance.

To our friends, we extend heartfelt gratitude. Their constant encouragement and shared moments of joy provided balance and motivation throughout this journey.

To our teachers and mentors, we are profoundly thankful for their wisdom, patience, and guidance. Their dedication to nurturing our curiosity pushed us to aim for excellence and shaped the direction of this research.

To our interviewees, whose insights and expertise enriched this study, we express our sincerest appreciation. Their openness provided valuable perspectives that form the foundation of our findings.

To the academic community, we offer this research as a contribution to the ongoing pursuit of sustainable building practices. May it serve as a stepping stone for future investigations into energy efficiency and thermal comfort.

To future researchers, we hope this work becomes a catalyst for continued exploration into eco-friendly construction. May it inspire curiosity, discovery, and meaningful contributions to sustainability.

Lastly, we dedicate this work to God, whose grace and guidance have been our constant strength throughout this endeavor.

ABSTRACT

This study, "ThermaShield: An External Insulation System for Enhancing Thermal Comfort and Energy Efficiency in Tropical Homes," explores the feasibility of using Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) boards and recycled rubber granules as an external insulation solution. With the increasing reliance on air conditioning in tropical climates like the Philippines, the need for cost-effective and sustainable alternatives to manage indoor temperatures is crucial.

The research employs a qualitative approach, gathering insights from architects, engineers, and sustainability experts to assess the thermal efficiency, environmental impact, and practicality of ThermaShield. Findings suggest that external insulation can significantly reduce heat transfer, lower energy consumption, and minimize carbon emissions, making it a promising solution for homeowners seeking to improve comfort and sustainability.

By integrating recycled materials, ThermaShield also promotes eco-friendly construction practices while offering noise reduction benefits. This study contributes to the growing field of sustainable housing solutions, highlighting the potential of affordable, DIY-friendly insulation systems for tropical environments.

Keywords: external insulation, thermal comfort, energy efficiency, EPS boards, recycled rubber, sustainable housing

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL SHEET i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii

DEDICATION iii

ABSTRACT iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS v

LIST OF TABLES vii

LIST OF FIGURES vii

Chapter

1. THE INTRODUCTION AND ITS BACKGROUND

Background of the Study [8]

Statement of the Problem [10] 

Research Questions [10]

Research Hypothesis [11] 

Conceptual Framework [11]

Significance of the Study [13]

Scope and Delimitation [15] 

Definition of Terms [16] 

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Introduction to Literature Review [20]

Conceptual Literature [21]

Related Studies [23]

Synthesis [28]

Theoretical Framework [28]

3. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

Research Design [30]

Context and Participants [31]

Research Instruments [31]

Data-Gathering Procedure [31]

Data Analysis [32]

4. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Presentation of Data [34] 

Analysis of Data [34]

Interpretation of Data [53] 

5. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary [59]

Conclusion [59]  

Recommendations [60]

BIBLIOGRAPHY [62] 

APPENDICES [65]

Chapter I

Introduction and Its Background

Background of the study 

The Philippines, with its tropical climate of high temperatures and humidity, faces significant challenges in maintaining indoor comfort, especially during the hot season. Many homes, predominantly made of concrete and brick, lack sufficient insulation, leading to heat buildup inside the house (Robert Wimmer, 2013). As stated by Emporium (2024), this results in increased reliance on air conditioning and electric fans, driving up energy consumption and electricity bills, which raises both economic and environmental concerns (Robert Wimmer, 2013). Additionally, the noise pollution in urban areas of the Philippines, with the constant traffic and crowded environments, adds another layer of discomfort for residents (RichestPH, 2024).

In accordance with the U.S. Department of Energy (2015), traditional insulation methods are often ineffective in concrete or brick homes because these materials lack cavities necessary for internal insulation systems. As a result, most Filipino households experience poor thermal comfort and higher energy costs during hot weather (Robert Wimmer, 2013). ThermaShield, an external insulation solution, aims to address these issues by preventing heat from entering the home, thus reducing reliance on cooling systems (Taylo, 2024). What sets ThermaShield apart is its integration of Recycled Rubber Granules, which enhances soundproofing capabilities, helping to reduce noise intrusion from outside, a common problem in densely populated areas. The addition of this material makes the insulation not only effective in regulating temperature but also in creating quieter, more comfortable living spaces. Furthermore, by repurposing recycled rubber, this insulation system promotes eco-friendly construction practices, reducing waste and contributing to the circular economy. With the growing need for sustainable and cost-efficient housing solutions, ThermaShield presents a viable option for homeowners seeking to enhance both energy efficiency and overall living conditions.

One additional factor to consider is the potential economic benefits of adopting external insulation systems like ThermaShield. As energy costs in the Philippines continue to rise, households that rely heavily on air conditioning face a growing financial burden. According to the Department of Energy (2023), energy consumption in residential areas significantly spikes during peak summer months, leading to increased electricity demand and potential grid instability. By improving thermal efficiency, ThermaShield helps reduce cooling costs, making it a cost-effective investment for homeowners in the long run. Additionally, as sustainability becomes a key focus in modern construction, integrating insulation systems that utilize recycled materials may open opportunities for government incentives or green building certifications, further encouraging widespread adoption.

This study investigates the effectiveness of ThermaShield in improving both thermal comfort and energy efficiency in Philippine homes, while also considering its role in reducing external noise. By using advanced materials such as EPS boards combined with Recycled Rubber Granules, the research aims to fill a gap in existing insulation solutions, particularly for concrete and brick homes. Moreover, the study explores how ThermaShield can contribute to sustainability by lowering energy consumption and carbon footprints, making it a comprehensive solution for both environmental and comfort challenges in the Philippines (Sherwin Mina, 2024).

Conceptual Framework

This research on ThermaShield explores how external insulation, made from EPS boards, adhesive, and Recycled Rubber Granules, improves energy efficiency in tropical homes. The combination of these materials is designed to resist heat, moisture, and noise, addressing the challenges posed by high temperatures and humidity in tropical climates. 

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework

The researcher used an Input-Process-Output (IPO) framework to outline how ThermaShield functions as an external insulation system and its impact on thermal comfort and energy efficiency.

The input includes the required insulation materials, such as EPS boards, recycled rubber granules and adhesives, the high temperatures and humidity of tropical climates, and the common construction materials of houses in the Philippines, which are mainly concrete and brick without built-in insulation. It also considers baseline data on energy consumption and indoor temperatures before insulation is applied.

The process consists of four stages. The Design and Development phase involves selecting appropriate materials and developing an insulation system suitable for do-it-yourself (DIY) applications. Implementation and Installation focuses on ensuring the system’s durability, moisture resistance, and overall effectiveness. Data Collection and Analysis measures temperature variations and energy consumption before and after installations as well as conducting semi-structured interviews with civil engineers, architects, and building contractors to gather expert insights. Finally, Evaluation and Optimization identifies potential improvements to enhance the system’s efficiency and durability in tropical climates.

The implementation of the insulation system is expected to enhance thermal comfort by reducing indoor heat gain, improve energy efficiency by lowering cooling costs and decreasing reliance on air conditioning, and provide a sustainable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly solution. Additionally, the system is designed to be DIY-friendly and suitable for renovating existing homes.

Statement of the problem 

The purpose of this research paper is to address the pressing issue of heat management and noise pollution in residential buildings in the Philippines, a country characterized by its tropical climate. With rising temperatures and humidity levels, many households face challenges related to indoor comfort and increased energy consumption due to reliance on air conditioning systems. Through examining the efficiency of different insulation materials and their effects on indoor temperatures, this study seeks to offer qualitative information that demonstrates possible energy savings and thermal comfort enhancements. 

Research questions

The researchers sought to answer the following questions:

1. How do external insulation systems contribute to reducing a building's carbon footprint?

2. How can external insulation systems be optimized for renovating existing buildings to improve energy efficiency?

3. What is the thermal performance of external insulation in extreme weather conditions, such as high heat or freezing temperatures?

Significance of the study

The Philippines, a tropical country, needs inventions to cope with its weather conditions, especially the heat. As temperatures and humidity levels continue to rise, many households struggle to achieve indoor comfort and consume more energy due to their reliance on air conditioning systems. External insulation, like ThermaShield on walls, reduces heat gain and improves energy efficiency. Thermashield also reduces noise from entering residential buildings due to its materials, such as EPS boards and recycled rubber granules. This study on the effectiveness of ThermaShield, an external insulation system, provides valuable insights for various stakeholders facing challenges with indoor comfort and high energy consumption due to air conditioning. The key beneficiaries include:

Homeowners - Homeowners help reduce energy costs, improve comfort, and provide an affordable DIY insulation solution.

Architects - Architects play a crucial role in designing the overall look of houses, buildings, and other structures. This research can help them reduce heat gain and improve energy efficiency in establishments. 

Civil Engineers - Civil engineers are responsible for planning, designing, and managing construction projects. Therefore, this research can provide them a technical perspective on how external insulation systems are integrated into the structural aspects of buildings.

Businesses - Businesses can reduce their operational costs by cutting air conditioning needs, improves employee comfort, and supports sustainability goals.

Public Establishment Owners - Public Establishment Owners can save on cooling costs in public spaces, ensuring a more comfortable environment for occupants, particularly vulnerable groups.

Government Officials - Provides data to promote energy-efficient building policies and sustainable practices.

Future Researchers. Future Researchers can build on this study for further studies on external insulation systems in tropical climates. 

Overall, the study supports better decision-making, promoting energy efficiency, comfort, and sustainability across multiple sectors.

Scope and Delimitations 

This research explores the use of external insulation systems, specifically expanded polystyrene (EPS) and EPS with recycled rubber granules, to enhance energy efficiency and reduce the carbon footprint of buildings. The study will focus on three key aspects. First, it will examine how external insulation contributes to lowering energy consumption and minimizing environmental impact. Second, it will investigate the potential of these insulation systems for renovating existing buildings to improve their energy efficiency. Lastly, the research will assess the thermal performance of external insulation under extreme weather conditions, including high heat and freezing temperatures.  

To gather valuable insights, the study will utilize semi-structured interviews with building professionals such as architects and  engineers who have expertise in insulation systems. Their perspectives will provide a comprehensive understanding of the practical applications and benefits of these insulation materials in real-world construction and renovating projects.

This study is subject to several limitations. Geographically, it will focus on the Philippines and its tropical climate, excluding cold regions. In terms of materials, the research will primarily investigate expanded polystyrene (EPS) and EPS with recycled rubber granules. The data collected will be based on insights from building professionals, such as architects and engineers, rather than building owners or residents. Additionally, the study will center on renovating existing buildings rather than new construction. Lastly, the evaluation of thermal performance will rely on professional opinions and case studies rather than real-time testing.

Definition of terms 

This section defines key terms used in the study, categorized into operational and technical definitions. Technical definitions provide standard meanings based on scientific literature and industry standards, ensuring clarity in context. Operational definitions specify how each term is applied within this research, particularly in evaluating ThermaShield’s effectiveness in insulation, thermal comfort, and energy efficiency in Philippine homes.

1. Building Renovation – Operational Meaning: The process of upgrading existing buildings with new technologies or materials to improve energy efficiency. This study explores how ThermaShield can be used as an external insulation solution for renovating concrete and brick homes. Conceptual Meaning: Upgrading existing structures with advanced materials or technologies to enhance energy efficiency and performance.

2. Carbon Footprint – Operational Meaning: The total amount of greenhouse gases emitted by an individual, organization, or product. This research investigates how ThermaShield can help reduce a building’s carbon footprint by decreasing energy consumption for cooling. Conceptual Meaning: The total greenhouse gas emissions, measured in metric tons of CO₂ equivalent, produced by activities or products.

3. Energy Efficiency – Operational Meaning: The ability to use less energy to achieve the same or improved performance. This research examines how external insulation can lower cooling costs and reduce energy consumption in Philippine homes. Conceptual Meaning: The ratio of useful energy output to total input, optimizing energy use while minimizing waste.

4. Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) – Operational Meaning: A lightweight, rigid plastic foam used for insulation. In this research, EPS is a primary component of ThermaShield, helping to reduce indoor temperatures by minimizing heat transfer. Conceptual Meaning: A lightweight, closed-cell foam with low thermal conductivity, used as an insulating material. This research assesses its role in ThermaShield for reducing heat transfer.

5. Insulation – Operational Meaning: A material or method used to reduce heat transfer between indoor and outdoor environments. This study focuses on external insulation, particularly ThermaShield, to improve thermal regulation in Philippine homes. Conceptual Meaning: A material or system that limits heat transfer, improving thermal stability in buildings.

6. Noise Pollution – Operational Meaning: Unwanted or excessive sound that disrupts daily activities. In this study, noise pollution refers to external urban noise, such as traffic, which ThermaShield aims to minimize through its soundproofing capabilities. Conceptual Meaning: Unwanted sound exceeding acceptable levels, disrupting activities.

7. Recycled Rubber Granules – Operational Meaning: Small particles derived from recycled rubber, used to enhance insulation properties. In this study, these granules are integrated into ThermaShield to improve soundproofing and thermal resistance. Conceptual Meaning: Small particles from processed rubber, used to enhance insulation and soundproofing.

8. Thermal Comfort – Operational Meaning: The condition in which a person feels satisfied with their indoor environment's temperature. In this study, thermal comfort refers to the ability of ThermaShield to maintain a comfortable indoor temperature despite the Philippines' tropical climate. Conceptual Meaning: A condition where occupants feel satisfied with temperature and humidity levels.

9. ThermaShield – Operational Meaning: An external insulation system that incorporates expanded polystyrene (EPS) boards and recycled rubber granules. This study investigates its effectiveness in reducing heat gain and noise pollution. Conceptual Meaning: An external insulation system using EPS and recycled rubber to reduce heat gain and noise.

10. Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effect – Operational Meaning: The phenomenon where urban areas experience higher temperatures than surrounding rural areas due to human activities and heat-absorbing materials like concrete and asphalt. This research considers how external insulation can mitigate this effect. Conceptual Meaning: Increased temperatures in urban areas due to heat-absorbing materials and human activity.

Chapter II

Review of Related Literature

This chapter explores existing studies on insulation technologies, passive cooling strategies, and sustainable materials for improving thermal comfort and energy efficiency in tropical homes. Research highlights the effectiveness of external insulation, particularly expanded polystyrene (EPS) and recycled rubber granules, in reducing heat transfer and energy consumption. Additionally, an external ventilation offers cost-effective alternatives to air conditioning. By reviewing these concepts, this study establishes a foundation for evaluating ThermaShield as an insulation system for tropical climates.

Conceptual Literature

Foreign/Local
Effectiveness of EPS Boards & Recycled Rubber Granules in Thermal Insulation and Noise Reduction

Expanded polystyrene (EPS) is one of the building materials that can improve a building's structural integrity and design (Mustapa et al., 2019). EPS is a lightweight, rigid foam that is made up of tiny, air-filled spheres that contain around 98% air. Because of its closed-cell structure, EPS has excellent shock-absorbing and insulating properties. The foam is a perfect barrier against temperature changes because of the trapped air inside it, which greatly reduces heat transfer. According to studies, adding EPS to concrete improves the materials' thermal performance. One important component of EPS's efficacy is its poor thermal conductivity, which is directly related to its capacity to block heat flow. Because of these characteristics, EPS is a useful and adaptable material for enhancing indoor environmental quality and building energy efficiency. 

Taran et al. (2015) state that using recycled rubber granules in concrete instead of traditional aggregates is a sustainable option that addresses tire waste and noise pollution. Larger rubber particle sizes in particular lead to enhanced energy absorption in concrete, which improves its sound-dampening qualities. Common building materials don't absorb sound very well, but walls constructed with recycled rubber granules are built to reduce out reflected sound, which is a crucial part of noise management. The location, the source of the noise, and other aspects like weatherproofing, fire safety, durability, and impact resistance must all be carefully taken into account when choosing materials for soundproofing walls. Rubber-modified concrete offers significant advantages in terms of thermal insulation and sound reduction.

According to Marques et al. (2020) Including additional by-products, like recycled rubber granules from used tires, can also have a significant positive impact on the environment. Several studies have shown that adding rubber granules improves impact sound insulation in buildings. Additionally, studies show the potential benefits of using elastomeric materials made from recycled tires for vibration isolation in wall applications. According to the results, thicker samples with more rubber and a lower apparent density have better vibration isolation over a wide frequency range. Rubber boards further enhance the insulation against impact noise. By reusing used tires, reused rubber granules can be incorporated into composite materials to provide both efficient soundproofing and a sustainable solution. 

The Effectiveness of ThermaShield in Energy Conservation and Carbon Footprint Reduction 

One study by Kunič (2017) highlights the significant impact of insulation on energy efficiency, demonstrating that properly selected materials can lead to energy savings ranging from 33% to 89% across different climate zones. The research compares various insulation materials, such as polystyrene, rock wool, and glass wool, and evaluates their effectiveness in minimizing heating and cooling demands. The findings suggest that insulation materials with superior thermal resistance contribute to reducing carbon emissions by lowering the need for excessive energy consumption. This insight supports the effectiveness of ThermaShield as an energy-efficient solution capable of optimizing thermal performance while promoting sustainability.  

A study published by MDPI (2024) further examines the role of insulation in improving energy efficiency and sustainability in modern construction. The research underscores the importance of selecting insulation materials based on their density, thermal conductivity, and environmental footprint to maximize energy savings. By integrating sustainable insulation materials, buildings can maintain stable indoor temperatures while significantly reducing heating and cooling costs. This aligns with the purpose of ThermaShield, as its advanced thermal properties contribute to energy conservation and support carbon footprint reduction in residential and commercial buildings. The study also emphasizes that insulation materials like ThermaShield can enhance structural longevity by minimizing temperature fluctuations, which reduces wear and tear on building components.  

Additionally, Kunič (2017) investigates the carbon footprint of insulation materials, emphasizing that materials with lower environmental impacts can offset their initial carbon emissions within a single heating season. This finding reinforces the role of high-performance insulation, such as ThermaShield, in reducing greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining energy efficiency. By choosing insulation materials with optimized thermal performance, building owners can achieve long-term sustainability goals while lowering their overall environmental impact. The research supports the idea that ThermaShield is an effective solution for both energy conservation and carbon footprint reduction, aligning with global efforts to promote eco-friendly construction practices.  

The Impact of Heat-Absorbing Materials on Urban Temperature Rise

Ortiga (2023) explains that materials used in infrastructures like bricks and concrete soak up heat from the sun and release it later, making cities up to 3°C warmer on average. These materials can even be 10–20°C hotter than the air around them and stay hot even after the sun goes down.

According to Carter (2015), dark-colored materials, like asphalt, absorb sunlight and turn it into heat. On the other hand, light-colored materials bounce sunlight away, helping to keep things cooler. Plus, many city building materials don't let water soak through, which means there's less cooling from water evaporating. To fix this, cities are trying out lighter-colored coatings for streets and roofs, and materials that let water pass through to help cool things down.

Greenly highlights that materials like asphalt and concrete make urban heat islands worse. These materials hold onto heat during the day and release it at night, keeping cities warmer for longer (Anderson, 2024) . Also, cities often lack green spaces like parks, which would normally help cool the air. To make cities cooler, we can plant more trees and use special building materials that reflect sunlight instead of absorbing it. 

Related Studies RRS

Foreign/Local

Sustainability of the materials used in Thermashield 

According to Sulong et al. (2019) Expanded polystyrene (EPS) insulation is recognized for its sustainability benefits, including energy efficiency, durability, and enhanced indoor environmental quality. Its recyclability allows it to be repurposed as an aggregate in lightweight concrete (LWC), promoting sustainable development in construction. EPS is widely used in various building applications, such as decorative molding, backfilling, and structural insulated panels (SIPs), often in combination with fire-resistant materials to ensure safety. Additionally, composite structural insulated panels (CSIPs) incorporating EPS cores serve as effective load-bearing elements, offering protection against environmental hazards and contributing to resilient, energy-efficient building designs.

A study conducted by Zemene et al. (2010) styrene (EPS) insulation significantly contributes to sustainable construction by reducing carbon emissions and improving energy efficiency. The study highlights that the CO₂ emissions from manufacturing and applying EPS insulation are 150 times lower than the energy savings it enables over a building’s lifetime. It also emphasizes that EPS is essential for achieving the European Union’s sustainability goals, with large-scale building renovations planned to incorporate EPS-based insulation. Furthermore, EPS has received an Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) certification under ISO 14025, validating its environmental benefits through life cycle analysis. Continuous advancements in EPS technology further enhance its insulation properties and long-term performance, reinforcing its role as a key material in sustainable construction.

A study conducted in  Lakehead University, Canada. Expanded polystyrene (EPS), along with other organic insulation materials such as polyurethane and cellulose, is derived from natural and renewable resources, making it an appealing choice for thermal insulation in buildings. These materials contribute to energy efficiency by reducing heat transfer and lowering the overall energy demand for heating and cooling. Additionally, EPS insulation is recognized for its lightweight structure, durability, and resistance to moisture, which enhances its long-term performance in construction applications. However, despite these advantages, certain drawbacks must be considered. EPS and other organic insulation materials are sometimes limited by their flammability and the energy-intensive production processes required for their manufacture (Ali et al., 2024). While EPS insulation contributes to sustainability by reducing energy consumption in buildings, ongoing research is necessary to improve its environmental impact and develop more eco-friendly alternatives.

Comparative Analysis of Insulation Materials for Energy Efficiency 

A study conducted by Dickson and Pavía (2021) investigated the energy performance, environmental impact, and cost of various insulation materials. The research highlighted that expanded polystyrene (EPS) had the lowest environmental impact among insulation materials, as demonstrated in a comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The study also found that insulation placement significantly affects thermal performance, with external insulation yielding the best results. Additionally, optimizing insulation thickness can lead to a 68–89% reduction in annual fuel consumption and emissions. Furthermore, when the optimum polystyrene thickness is used, energy consumption decreased by 46%, and CO2 and SO2 emissions were reduced by 41%. The effect of insulation thickness on fuel consumption, payback period, and pollutant emissions showed a 50–54% drop in CO2 emissions for extruded polystyrene foam, aligning with previous findings of a 50% decrease in CO2 emissions through insulation thickness optimization.

A study conducted by Ali et. al (2024) examined five different insulation materials, including expanded polystyrene (EPS), foamed polyurethane, extruded polystyrene, perlite, and foamed polyvinyl chloride, across various climate zones in China. The results indicated that EPS outperformed other materials in terms of optimal insulation thickness, ranging from 53 mm to 236 mm, with a payback period of 1.9 to 4.7 years over a 20-year life cycle. EPS was highlighted for its lightweight and rigid foam structure, excellent thermal insulation properties, and high impact resistance, with a thermal conductivity between 0.029 and 0.041 W/m·K. Additionally, EPS is commonly used in concrete floors to reduce noise transmission and improve energy savings. Another study found that insulation thickness significantly affects heating loads while having a smaller impact on cooling loads, demonstrating that building energy savings depend on insulation type and climate conditions.

Schiavoni et al. (2016).'s study states that expanded polystyrene (EPS) is a high-performing insulation material due to its low thermal conductivity, ease of handling, and effective thermal transmittance properties. EPS, with a density of 22 kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m³), has a thermal conductivity of 0.035 watts per meter-kelvin (W/m·K), making it comparable to glass wool (0.035 W/m·K) and superior to stone wool (0.040 W/m·K) in terms of heat retention. Additionally, EPS exhibits a periodic thermal transmittance of 0.114 watts per square meter-kelvin (W/m²K) and a decrement factor of 0.440, making it more efficient in maintaining steady indoor temperatures compared to kenaf (0.082 W/m²K, 0.357) and cork (0.094 W/m²K, 0.329), which store heat more effectively but slow down heat transmission. Furthermore, EPS is commonly sold as panels that can be easily handled and cut without compromising their insulating performance, making them a practical choice for construction applications.

Impact of Insulation on Indoor Air Quality and Moisture Control 

A study by Smith et al. (2023) investigated the impact of insulation on indoor air quality (IAQ) and moisture control. The research demonstrated that proper insulation not only enhances thermal efficiency but also significantly reduces indoor pollutants by limiting air infiltration. For example, spray foam insulation effectively seals gaps and cracks, preventing external pollutants like pollen, dust, and exhaust fumes from entering buildings. Additionally, the study found that high-performing insulation materials, such as mineral wool and cellulose, act as barriers to moisture, reducing the likelihood of mold growth and maintaining healthier indoor environments.

Furthermore, an investigation by Johnson and Lee (2024) analyzed the relationship between insulation thickness and humidity control in different climate zones. The findings highlighted that optimizing insulation thickness can help regulate indoor humidity levels, preventing both excessive dryness in cold climates and dampness in humid ones. Insulating materials like vapor retarders were noted for their dual role in controlling moisture migration and enhancing energy efficiency, ensuring a more comfortable and healthier indoor environment. The research emphasized that selecting the right type and placement of insulation is critical for achieving improved IAQ and moisture management, tailored to specific climate conditions.

Comparative Analysis of Electricity Bills with and without External Insulation

Households with external wall insulation experience significant reductions in electricity bills due to improved energy efficiency. Research suggests that homes with insulation can save between 15% and 45% on heating and cooling costs, depending on factors like climate, insulation quality, and home size (U.S. Department of Energy, 2018; Energy Saving Trust, 2023). For example, well-insulated homes in colder climates may see savings as high as 40%, as insulation reduces heat loss during winter and minimizes heat gain in summer.

In contrast, homes without insulation tend to have higher energy costs because they require more energy to maintain comfortable indoor temperatures. The U.S. Department of Energy (2018) estimates that adding insulation can save an average of 15% on electricity bills annually, while transitioning from no insulation to well-insulated walls could lead to savings of up to 45%.

The upfront cost for installing external wall insulation can be substantial, typically ranging from £8,000 to £22,000 depending on the property type and size (Energy Saving Trust, 2023). However, these costs are offset by long-term savings. Detached homes may save up to £930 annually, while mid-terraced properties could save around £315 annually (Energy Saving Trust, 2023). Over time, the cumulative savings make external insulation a cost-effective investment.

Applied Physics

Heat and Temperature

Heat - is the form of energy that is transferred between two substances at different temperatures. The direction of energy flow is from the substance of higher temperature to the substance of lower temperature (Study.com, 2025).

Temperature - refers to the hotness or coldness of something, which is specifically related to the average kinetic energy of an object’s particles. Since particles are in constant motion, they possess kinetic energy, and temperature reflects the energy associated with this particle movement (Study.com, 2025).
According to Khan Academy (2024), Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between objects due to a temperature difference, measured in joules, and can move through conduction, convection, or radiation. It is not a property of an object but a process indicating energy transfer. On the other hand, temperature measures the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance, determining how hot or cold an object is, and is measured in Celsius, Fahrenheit, or Kelvin. While heat flows between objects, temperature remains a property of a system, with higher temperatures leading to greater energy transfer.
The principles of applied physics play a crucial role in understanding the effectiveness of ThermaShield as an external insulation system. One key concept is heat transfer, which occurs through conduction, convection, and radiation. ThermaShield minimizes heat transfer by utilizing Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) and Recycled Rubber Granules, materials with low thermal conductivity that reduce heat flow into buildings, enhancing indoor comfort (Khan Academy, 2018).

Another important concept is thermal conductivity, which determines how well a material resists heat flow. Since EPS has a low thermal conductivity, it acts as an effective thermal barrier, preventing excessive heat absorption and reducing the need for artificial cooling (Energy Education, 2016). Similarly, recycled rubber granules contribute to heat resistance and sound absorption, making buildings more energy-efficient and comfortable by limiting unwanted thermal gains (Study.com, 2025).

Furthermore, energy efficiency is a fundamental principle in physics that applies to ThermaShield. By reducing heat transfer, the insulation system decreases energy consumption for cooling, aligning with the law of conservation of energy. This principle states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred; ThermaShield optimizes this transfer by maintaining stable indoor temperatures with minimal energy loss (Study.com, 2025).

Through these applied physics principles, ThermaShield enhances thermal performance, reduces carbon footprints, and contributes to sustainable building practices in tropical climates.

Synthesis

This study reviews existing research on insulation technologies, passive cooling strategies, and sustainable materials for improving thermal comfort and energy efficiency in tropical homes. It highlights the effectiveness of expanded polystyrene (EPS) and recycled rubber granules in reducing heat transfer and energy consumption. Additionally, external ventilation is explored as a cost-effective alternative to air conditioning.

EPS is recognized for its excellent thermal insulation due to its low thermal conductivity and lightweight structure. Studies indicate that incorporating EPS into construction enhances energy efficiency, reduces noise, and minimizes environmental impact. Recycled rubber granules, when integrated into building materials, improve soundproofing and thermal insulation, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional materials.

Research also supports the role of ThermaShield as an energy-efficient insulation system. Studies show that proper insulation can lead to significant energy savings and reduced carbon emissions. High-performance insulation materials, such as ThermaShield, contribute to stable indoor temperatures, lower heating and cooling costs, and extended structural longevity.

The urban heat island effect is another concern, as traditional materials like concrete and asphalt absorb and retain heat, exacerbating temperature rise in cities. Strategies such as using reflective materials and increasing urban greenery are recommended to mitigate this effect.

Lastly, sustainability assessments emphasize the environmental benefits of EPS and other insulation materials in reducing carbon footprints. Comparative studies highlight EPS’s superior thermal performance, cost-effectiveness, and recyclability. Furthermore, insulation plays a crucial role in indoor air quality and moisture control, with optimized insulation thickness helping regulate humidity levels and prevent mold growth.

By synthesizing these findings, this study establishes a foundation for evaluating ThermaShield’s performance in tropical climates, particularly its role in enhancing energy efficiency, sustainability, and indoor environmental quality.

Theoretical Framework 

The flow of heat was systematically analyzed by the French mathematician Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Fourier and experimentally measured by the French physicist Jean-Baptiste Biot in 1816. The theory of heat transfer explains the way energy, or heat, travels across things or areas with different temperatures. Heat Transfer Theory is based on physics, where energy flows in a system until equilibrium is reached (McHale et al., 2013). Things naturally seek the same temperature. This theory predicts that heat will always flow from hotter to colder places, and that a temperature difference is necessary to start the flow. The amount of heat lost by the hotter object is equal to the amount gained by the colder object. Direct contact (conduction), the movement of fluids like air or water (convection), or invisible waves like those from the sun (radiation) are the three ways that heat can travel. The foundation for comprehending and determining how heat moves in any circumstance is laid out by these fundamental principles: energy is conserved, heat moves from hot to cold, and a temperature difference must exist. 

Study conducted by Willoughby, J. (2007) emphasizes how crucial the U-value is for buildings. The U-value, or thermal transmittance, quantifies how easily heat flows through a building component, such as a wall or window. It transports heat through a solid object located between two fluids (gas or liquid) with differing temperatures. A high U-value indicates poor insulation, allowing more heat to flow, while a low U-value suggests good insulation, reducing heat flow. Therefore, minimizing energy loss or gain in building envelopes is crucial, and materials like insulation are selected for the low U-values to enhance thermal efficiency.

Chapter III

Methodology of the Study

This section of the paper details the qualitative, descriptive approach used to assess ThermaShield’s effectiveness in enhancing thermal comfort and energy efficiency in tropical homes. Structured interviews with engineers and experts, selected through expert sampling, provide insights into its real-world applications. The chapter also covers prototype development, data collection, analysis methods, and ethical considerations to ensure accuracy and reliability.

Research Design 

The researchers utilized a qualitative, descriptive approach to explore the effectiveness of ThermaShield as an external insulation system for enhancing thermal comfort and energy efficiency in tropical homes. A qualitative design was chosen to allow for an in-depth understanding of insulation materials and their impact on energy consumption and indoor comfort through expert insights rather than numerical data (Tenny et al., 2022).

The study employed a descriptive research design, which is suitable for systematically analyzing the characteristics, benefits, and potential limitations of ThermaShield without manipulating any variables. This approach enabled the researchers to document the material’s properties, real-world applications, and potential implications for energy efficiency and noise reduction in tropical climates (Siedlecki, 2019).

Context and Participants

The respondents of this study were professionals in architecture, civil engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and environmental science, chosen for their expertise in insulation, energy efficiency, and sustainable construction. The study focused on ThermaShield, an external insulation system made of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) boards and Recycled Rubber Granules to improve thermal comfort, reduce energy consumption, and block noise in tropical homes. Architects and civil engineers assessed its design and durability, mechanical engineers examined its ability to regulate temperature, electrical engineers evaluated its effect on cooling costs, and environmental scientists reviewed its sustainability. Their insights, gathered through semi-structured interviews, helped determine if  ThermaShield is a practical and eco-friendly insulation solution for Philippine homes.

Research Sampling

Using expert sampling, the researchers selected experts with relevant experience in insulation and energy efficiency (Nikolopoulou, 2023). Recruitment was done through professional networks and direct invitations.

Research Instruments

This study utilizes a semi-structured survey to gather qualitative insights on the effectiveness of ThermaShield as an external insulation system for tropical homes. The survey consists of open-ended and closed-ended questions, allowing participants to provide both structured responses and detailed explanations regarding their experiences and opinions on insulation efficiency, thermal comfort, and energy savings (Ronaldo, 2017).

A semi-structured survey was chosen because it offers a balance between standardized data collection and flexibility. While the structured questions ensure consistency in responses, the open-ended sections allow participants to elaborate on their insights, providing richer qualitative data. This method is particularly useful for understanding expert perspectives on insulation materials, as it enables researchers to explore key themes while also allowing for unexpected but valuable responses.

Data-Gathering Procedure

This study used semi-structured interviews, conducted via Google Meet, through chat or in person, to gather expert insights into ThermaShield’s effectiveness in thermal insulation, energy efficiency, and real-world applications. This qualitative approach allowed for structured yet flexible discussions.. An expert sampling method was used to select [10] participants with expertise in engineering, architecture, and sustainable construction. Participants were recruited through professional networks and referrals to ensure credibility.

The primary research instruments included a semi-structured questionnaire, Google Meet for virtual interviews, and note-taking tools for documentation. The data collection process began with participant invitations via email, followed by informed consent outlining study objectives, and confidentiality measures. Interviews were scheduled at the participants’ convenience, either online or in person, and guided by a questionnaire that allowed for structured responses while enabling participants to elaborate on key points. Responses were recorded with consent, supplemented with written notes, then transcribed and organized for analysis.

To ensure accuracy and reliability, responses were cross-verified for consistency. Ethical considerations were prioritized by ensuring voluntary participation, maintaining confidentiality through anonymized responses and secure data storage, following ethical research guidelines.

Prototype Materials

ThermaShield external insulation system enhances thermal comfort, energy efficiency, and noise reduction, making homes more sustainable in tropical climates. Insulation boards minimize heat transfer, while adhesives, primers, and coatings ensure durability, weather resistance, and fire protection. The addition of recycled rubber granules further reduces noise pollution, creating a cost-effective, eco-friendly solution for improved indoor comfort.

Important Considerations:

Unit/Quantity: The prices above are estimates for the quantity needed to cover approximately 1 square meter or surface area. 

Brand: Prices can change significantly depending on the brand.

Location: Prices in Metro Manila might be different from those in more rural areas.

Bulk Purchase: Buying in bulk might cost better discounts = lower prices.

Prototype Procedure

ThermaShield functions as an external insulation system designed to enhance thermal comfort, energy efficiency, and noise reduction in tropical homes. It is composed of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) boards and Recycled Rubber Granules, which work together to minimize heat transfer and absorb sound. The EPS boards have low thermal conductivity, preventing excessive heat from entering buildings and reducing the need for air conditioning. Meanwhile, the Recycled Rubber Granules improve soundproofing by absorbing external noise, creating a quieter indoor environment. Overall, it provides a cost-effective and scalable solution for improving energy efficiency, comfort, and sustainability in warm climates.

ThermaShield is made by combining Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) boards with Recycled Rubber Granules to enhance both thermal insulation and soundproofing. The process begins with blending small amounts of recycled rubber granules with polystyrene beads before the expansion stage, ensuring an even distribution of materials. The mixture is then steamed, causing the polystyrene beads to expand and fuse together while maintaining a lightweight structure with excellent insulating properties. To optimize insulation performance, the density of the boards is carefully adjusted, with the addition of rubber granules improving both thermal resistance and noise reduction. After molding, the insulation boards undergo a curing process and surface treatment to enhance water resistance and durability, making them suitable for external applications. Once completed, the ThermaShield panels are ready for installation, where they are affixed onto building exteriors using adhesives and mechanical fixings. This manufacturing process ensures that ThermaShield remains lightweight, efficient, and sustainable, making it an ideal insulation solution for tropical climates.

Data Analysis

This study utilized thematic analysis to systematically identify and interpret patterns within the collected data. Responses from the semi-structured interviews were transcribed, organized, and categorized into emerging themes related to thermal performance, energy efficiency, sustainability, and noise reduction. Recurring insights were analyzed to determine key perspectives on ThermaShield’s effectiveness as an external insulation system.

The analysis involved coding the data, grouping similar responses, and identifying common themes that align with the study’s research objectives. This approach allows us to have a comprehensive understanding of expert opinions while ensuring that the findings were grounded in qualitative evidence. By employing thematic analysis, this study was able to extract meaningful conclusions about ThermaShield’s impact, providing valuable insights for improving insulation systems in tropical climates.

 Chapter IV

Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

This chapter delves into a detailed analysis of the interview data collected from professionals, offering valuable insights into the prototype’s effectiveness and potential impact. The findings are organized into sections that align with the study’s core objectives. By synthesizing diverse professional perspectives, this section seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the prototype’s strengths, weaknesses, and overall impact. In order to accurately assess the prototype's usefulness, the qualitative data gathered from these interviews will now be analyzed by the use of thematic analysis. 

                             Presentation and Analysis of Data

Theme 1 presents the responses of professionals regarding the role of external insulation in reducing a building’s carbon footprint.

Theme 1: The impact of external insulation systems on a building’s energy consumption

Analysis: The responses from electrical engineers highlight the significant impact of external insulation systems in reducing a building's energy consumption. By minimizing heat transfer through walls, insulation helps maintain a more stable indoor temperature, reducing the need for air conditioning during hot weather and heating during cold seasons. This leads to lower electricity bills and decreased carbon emissions, contributing to both financial savings and environmental sustainability. Additionally, the reduction in energy demand helps mitigate climate change, making external insulation an effective solution for both homeowners and the planet.

Theme 2 presents professionals’ insights on the role of external insulation in reducing a building’s carbon footprint, highlighting the relative importance of materials, installation practices, and building types.

Theme 2: Factors Influencing External Insulation's Carbon Reduction Impact

Analysis: The insights from civil engineers highlight that the effectiveness of external insulation in reducing carbon emissions depends largely on material selection, installation quality, and building type. Materials like EPS, PIR, and mineral wool vary in thermal performance and environmental impact, with wood fiberboard standing out as a more sustainable option. Proper installation is equally important—airtight insulation and moisture management techniques help prevent energy loss, mold, and structural damage. Additionally, older buildings with poor insulation benefit the most, as external insulation significantly enhances their energy efficiency. Overall, a combination of the right materials, precise installation, and building-specific considerations ensures maximum carbon reduction and sustainability.

Theme 3 presents professionals’ responses on the lifecycle environmental benefits of insulation materials and their impact on reducing carbon emissions.

Theme 3: Lifecycle Carbon Footprint of Insulation Materials

Analysis: Compared to other insulation materials, EPS insulation is environmentally friendly due to its clean production process, low energy use, and lack of waste. It also reduces carbon emissions by being lightweight, which lowers fuel use during transportation. Additionally, it helps cut waste in the supply chain, saving energy and materials. Recycled rubber insulation is also eco-friendly, as it uses waste materials, which lowers carbon emissions compared to new materials. Although both materials have emissions during production, their long-term energy savings can offset these emissions. Both should be evaluated based on their production impact and their ability to save energy over time.

Theme 4 presents the responses of professionals regarding the key design, material, and installation factors that optimize external insulation systems for renovating existing buildings.

Theme 4: Optimizing External Insulation for Building Renovation

Analysis: The findings highlight EPS composite panels’ efficiency in rapid construction, lightweight composition, and effective thermal insulation, making them ideal for tropical environments and low-rise buildings. However, their application in structural retrofitting is discouraged due to their non-load-bearing nature, suggesting renovation as a more suitable option. External insulation systems for existing buildings require a balanced approach considering thermal performance, durability, and structural integration. Energy efficiency is prioritized without compromising architectural character, especially in heritage buildings. Material selection, including EPS, mineral wool, and PIR boards, must align with climate, fire resistance, and breathability. Proper installation ensures longevity, effectiveness, and energy efficiency while preserving the building’s original design.

Theme 5 presents the responses of professionals regarding the building types that most benefit from external insulation, along with the adaptations required for each type.

Theme 5: Building Type Suitability for External Insulation

Analysis: The findings indicate that residential, commercial, and historic buildings all benefit from external insulation, but each requires a different approach. Residential buildings experience improved comfort and energy savings, while commercial structures reduce operational costs. Historic buildings require breathable, non-invasive solutions to preserve their architectural integrity while still enhancing insulation.

Theme 6 presents professionals’ responses on challenges and barriers during external insulation renovation, and their proposed solutions for improving energy savings.

Theme 6: Challenges and Solutions in External Insulation Renovation

Analysis: Renovating external insulation faces challenges like uneven walls, moisture buildup, and high costs. Older buildings may require structural assessments and proper fixing methods to ensure stability. Moisture issues can be prevented using breathable layers and vapor barriers. Cost concerns and material availability can be addressed through careful planning, phased installations, and government incentives. Consulting experts like civil engineers and architects ensure efficient material selection and installation.

Theme 7 presents the responses of professionals regarding the performance of external insulation systems in extreme temperatures and materials that exhibit superior performance in these environments. 

Theme 7: External Insulation Performance in Extreme Temperature Environments.

Analysis:  The responses from Mechanical Engineers A and B highlight the importance of material selection and proper installation in external insulation performance. Both emphasize that effectiveness depends on thermal resistance (R-value), climate, and durability. For cold climates, insulation should trap heat, with materials like mineral wool, EPS, and XPS being ideal. In hot climates, the goal is to reduce heat absorption, using reflective materials like radiant barriers and insulating coatings. EPS can work in hot areas if it has proper thickness and UV protection. Mechanical Engineer B also stresses moisture resistance, noting that XPS is better than EPS in humid environments. This highlights the need to consider not just temperature but also humidity and durability when selecting insulation materials.

Theme 8 presents the responses of professionals regarding the effectiveness of external insulation materials in regulating indoor temperatures during extreme weather conditions.

Theme 8: External Insulation Material Effectiveness In Extreme Weather Temperature Regulation

Analysis: External insulation materials, particularly EPS boards and recycled rubber granules, effectively regulate indoor temperatures in extreme weather conditions. During hot summers, they block heat from entering, reducing the need for air conditioning. In cold weather, they retain warmth, keeping interiors comfortable. This improves energy efficiency, lowers electricity consumption, and enhances overall indoor comfort. Additionally, insulation with rubber granules provides added noise reduction, making buildings quieter and more thermally stable year-round.

Theme 9 presents the responses of professionals regarding strategies and best practices for maintaining the thermal efficiency of external insulation systems during extreme weather conditions.

Theme 9: Strategies for Maintaining External Insulation Efficiency in Extreme Weather

Analysis: To maintain thermal efficiency in extreme weather, proper installation and maintenance are crucial. Sealing all gaps and cracks prevents heat loss in winter and reduces heat gain in summer. Moisture barriers protect against water damage, while UV-resistant coatings enhance durability in hot climates. Regular inspections and repairs ensure long-term insulation effectiveness, keeping energy consumption low and indoor temperatures stable year-round

 Interpretation

External insulation systems help reduce energy use by minimizing heat transfer through walls, keeping indoor temperatures stable, and cutting the need for air conditioning and heating. This lowers electricity bills and reduces carbon emissions. The effectiveness depends on factors like material choice, installation quality, and building type. Materials like EPS, PIR, and mineral wool offer  different benefits, with wood fiberboard being the most eco-friendly. Proper installation prevents energy loss, mold, and structural damage. Older buildings with poor insulation benefit the most. While materials like EPS and recycled rubber produce emissions during manufacturing, their long-term energy savings help offset these impacts, making sustainable choices.

Renovating with external insulation requires balancing thermal performance, durability, and integration with existing structures, especially in heritage buildings. EPS panels work well in tropical climates and low-rise buildings due to their lightweight and insulating properties but aren’t suitable as load-bearing walls. Residential, commercial, and historic buildings all benefit differently, homes become more comfortable and energy-efficient, commercial spaces lower operating costs, and historic buildings need breathable solutions to preserve their character. Key challenges include uneven walls, moisture buildup, and costs. Solutions involve proper structural assessments, using breathable layers to prevent moisture, and phased installations to manage expenses. Expert guidance ensures the best materials and methods for long-term efficiency.

In extreme weather, external insulation stabilizes indoor temperatures by reducing heat entry in summer and preventing warmth from escaping in winter. Performance depends on material choice and thickness. EPS, XPS, and mineral wool trap heat in cold climates, while reflective materials like radiant barriers deflect solar heat in hotter areas. XPS is better for humid environments due to its moisture resistance. Combining EPS with recycled rubber boosts insulation and reduces noise. To maintain efficiency, proper installation is crucial, sealing gaps prevents heat loss, UV-resistant coatings protect against sun damage, and regular inspections ensure long-lasting performance, keeping energy use low in any climate.

Chapter V

Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations

Summary 

  The study on ThermaShield, an external insulation system integrating Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) boards and recycled rubber granules, highlights its effectiveness in improving thermal comfort and energy efficiency in tropical climates. Findings from expert interviews and data analysis confirm that ThermaShield significantly reduces heat transfer, lowering indoor temperatures and decreasing the reliance on air conditioning. This leads to energy savings, cost reductions, and a decreased carbon footprint. Additionally, its soundproofing properties contribute to a quieter indoor environment, addressing urban noise pollution. The study also identifies key factors influencing insulation performance, such as material selection, proper installation, and climate adaptability. While ThermaShield proves to be an effective and sustainable solution, challenges such as installation complexity and initial costs must be considered when implementing it in residential and commercial buildings.

Conclusions

ThermaShield presents a viable solution for improving energy efficiency and indoor comfort in tropical homes. By utilizing EPS boards and recycled rubber granules, it effectively minimizes heat transfer and enhances sound insulation. The study concludes that external insulation systems like ThermaShield can contribute to significant energy savings, reducing cooling costs and environmental impact. Furthermore, its use of recycled materials promotes sustainability, aligning with modern eco-friendly building practices. While implementation challenges exist, the benefits outweigh the drawbacks, making ThermaShield a promising innovation for enhancing thermal performance in buildings. Future research and improvements in material composition and installation methods can further optimize its effectiveness for widespread application.

Recommendations 

Architects should explore the potential integration of ThermaShield into building designs to minimize heat gain and improve energy efficiency, particularly in tropical regions. Future research should investigate how external insulation can be aesthetically incorporated into modern architectural structures without compromising functionality. Collaborating with material scientists could lead to innovative applications that refine its design and sustainability potential.

Additionally, civil engineers should examine how ThermaShield could be effectively incorporated into different construction frameworks to enhance structural integrity and thermal performance. Future studies should explore standardized installation methods for large-scale projects, ensuring efficiency and long-term durability. Conducting simulations and experimental installations may provide insights into the feasibility and effectiveness of ThermaShield before its widespread adoption.

Businesses could benefit from adopting external insulation systems like ThermaShield to reduce operational costs by lowering reliance on air conditioning, which can significantly cut energy expenses. Future research should evaluate the potential financial benefits across industries, particularly in commercial and industrial settings. Case studies on projected cost savings and employee productivity improvements due to better thermal comfort could support the business case for investing in such insulation solutions.

Furthermore, public establishment owners should assess the feasibility of using ThermaShield in spaces such as schools, hospitals, and government buildings to create more comfortable environments while reducing energy consumption. Future studies should focus on estimating long-term cost savings and potential health benefits, such as improved air quality and noise reduction, to support its consideration in public infrastructure projects.

Lastly, government officials should support the research and development of insulation systems like ThermaShield by funding studies and pilot programs to test its viability. Future research should explore how government incentives, such as grants or subsidies, can encourage further innovation and implementation of external insulation solutions. Policymakers may also consider integrating insulation research into sustainability programs and developing guidelines that promote energy-efficient construction practices.

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APPENDIX A

Interview Questions

1. How do external insulation systems contribute to reducing a building's carbon footprint?
   Insert the professionals you’re going to ask:

   1. How do external insulation systems influence a building's overall energy consumption, and what role do they play in reducing the building's carbon footprint? (Electrical Engineer)

   2. Which factors (materials, installation practices, building type) have the most significant impact on the reduction of a building’s carbon emissions when using external insulation systems? (Civil Engineer)

   3. How would you assess the environmental benefits of different types of insulation materials (e.g., EPS, recycled rubber) in terms of reducing carbon emissions over their lifecycle? (Architect)

2. How can external insulation systems be optimized for retrofitting existing buildings to improve energy efficiency?

1. What design, material, and installation factors contribute most to optimizing external insulation systems for retrofitting existing buildings? (Architect)

2. What types of buildings (e.g., residential, commercial, historic) benefit most from external insulation retrofitting, and why? How can the system be adapted to suit each of these building types? (Civil Engineering)

3. What are the main challenges or barriers faced during the retrofitting process with external insulation, and how can they be overcome to improve overall energy savings? (Electrical Engineer)

3. What is the thermal performance of external insulation in extreme weather conditions, such as high heat or freezing temperatures?

1. How do external insulation systems perform in extreme temperature conditions (both hot and cold)? Are there materials that tend to perform better in these environments? (Mechanical Engineer)

2. Can you provide insights into how external insulation materials maintain their effectiveness in extreme weather conditions, particularly in terms of their ability to regulate indoor temperatures during hot summers or cold winters? (Electrical Engineer)

3. What strategies or best practices would you recommend to ensure that external insulation systems maintain their thermal efficiency during periods of extreme weather (heatwaves or severe cold)? (Electrical Engine