Labor Movements

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Fredrick Taylor/scientific management – Taylor invented scientific management which is scientific approach to making work more efficient

“Yellow-dog” contracts – contracts that forbid workers from forming unions as a pre-condition of working 

The “Molly Maguires” – Irish activist group that protested for better wages/hours/conditions for coal workers, etc.

National Labor Union (1866) – first national labor federation in the U.S., paved the way for KoL, AFL, etc.

The Great Railroad Strike (1877) – began in WV when WV workers received a pay cut and protested

Knights of Labor – labor movement group advocating for 8 hr days, skilled + unskilled workers, dissolved after Haymarket Square Riot

American Federation of Labor/Samuel L. Gompers – Gompers founded the AFL, a labor movement federation that only supported skilled workers

Panic of 1873 – Jay Cooke’s railroad firm bankrupted and caused other companies to bankrupt, big economic dip

Terence V. Powderly – leader of the Knights of Labor after Uriah Stevens stepped down

Industrialization – development of industries on a national scale, a region becoming economically dependent on factories instead of agriculture

Urbanization – the mass movement of people to cities and urban centers

Tenement housing – poor housing for the working class, terribly manufactured and maintained

Haymarket Affair (1886) – Knights of Labor and anarchists both in the crowd, someone throws a bomb, 11 people die

Homestead Steel Strike (1892) – Carnegie’s Homestead Steel workers strike and it culminates in a gun battle

Pullman Strike (1894) – Pullman sleeping car company in Chicago, grew into national railroad strike involving American Railway Union + Pullman Company, federal government

Eugene V. Debs – presidential candidate for Socialist Party of America five times, helped found American Railway Union

George Pullman - Inventor of the Pullman sleeping car in 1864. Cut wages but not work hours which resulted in a strike and his refusal to negotiate resulted in a soiled reputation

American Railway Union – company founded by Eugene V. Debs, won Great Railroad Strike, one of the first and largest unions of its time

Asa Phillip Randolph – founded Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, first successful African American led union

Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters - Founded in 1925. Union to improve working conditions for people employed by the Pullman Company

Theodore Roosevelt vs. trusts

Anthracite Coal Strike (1902) – strike by United Mine Workers of America, higher wages/shorter days, almost shut down major fuel supply in winter to US homes

The Ludlow Massacre – military strike on coal workers and their families to stop unionizing efforts

Henry Clay Frick - Went into business with Carnegie and had his own business H.C Frick Coke

“Muckrakers” – reform minded writers, journalists, photographers in the Progressive Era, pre-World War 1 reform, expose writing

Ida Tarbell - A History of Standard Oil – leading muckraker of Progressive Era, pioneered investigative journalism, wrote expose about Rockefeller’s Standard Oil practices

Jacob Riis - How the Other Half Lives (1890) – photographer who wrote book documenting how the working poor lived in New York

Upton Sinclair (The Jungle) - Created the “muckraking”type of journalism and wrote a novel which talked about unsanitary conditions in the meat packing industry

Women’s Christian Temperance Union – influential women’s union for temperance

Anti-Saloon League - Organization lobbying for prohibition during the nationwide ban on alcohol and was prominant in enforcing the 18th amendment

Prohibition – laws prohibiting manufacturing or distribution of alcohol (solidified by 18th amendment, ended by 21st amendment) \n

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